
to* LC 1 Ob c i 
Book lIj 






Fniversity of the State of New York 



College Department 

INCLUDING UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS 

Bulletin 5 October 1899 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 



UNITED STATES 



PREPARED BY 

Henry L. Taylor, Ph.D. 

under direction of 
James Russell Parsons jr, M.A. 



GENERAL 



PAGE 

Preface, Sec, Melvil Dewey 3 

Introduction, Director James Rus- 
sell Parsons jr 5 

Authorities 5 

Growth 6 

Distribution of schools and students . . 7 

Varying standards 8 

Preliminary general education 

for licenses 9 

for degrees 10 

Students with college degrees 11 

Length of professional courses 13 

University supervision 14 



PAGE 

Scholarships 15 

Fees 17 

Libraries 17 

Endowments 19 

Value of grounds and buildings 20 

Total and average property in 1898... 21 

Gifts and bequests 22 

Women as professional students 22 

Power to confer degrees 23 

Preliminary requirements 24 

Institutions 25 

Associations 43 

Index 49 



K61QS99— 50 



ALBANY 

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
1899 



Price 10 cents 



-fonognpfc 



le State of N< 

REGENTS 

YEAR 

1874 Anson Judd Upson, D.D. LL.D. L.H.D. 

Chancellory 

1892 William Croswell Doane, D.D. LL.D. 

Vice- Chancellor, Albany 
1873 Martin I. Townsend, M.A. LL.D. - - Troy 
1877 Chauncev M. Depew, LL.D. - New York 

1877 Charles E. Fitch, LL.B. M.A. L.H.D. - Rochester 

1877 Orris H. Warren, D.D. _____ Syracuse 

1878 Whitelaw Reid, LL.D. _ New York 
1881 William H. Watson, M.A. M.D. - Utica 
1881 Henry E. Turner _____ Lowville 
1883 St Clair McKelwav, LL.D. L.H.D. D.C.L. - Brooklyn 
1885 Hamilton Harris, Ph.D. LL.D. - Albany 
1885 Daniel Beach, Ph.D. LL.D. - Watkins 
1888 Carroll E. Smith, LL.D. - Syracuse 
1890 Pliny T. Sexton, LL.D. _____ Palmyra 
1890 T. Guilford Smith, M.A. C.E. LL.D. - Buffalo 

1893 Lewis A. Stimson, B.A. M.D. - New York 

1894 Sylvester M alone _____ Brooklyn 

1895 Albert Vander Veer, M.D. Ph.D. - Al 
1895 Charles R. Skinner, M.A. LL.D. 

Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio 
1897 Chester S. Lord, M.A. LL.D. - Brooklyn 

1897 Timothy L. Woodruff, M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio 
1899 Theodore Roosevelt, B.A. LL.D. Governor, ex oil: 
1899 John T. McDonough, LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio 



SECRETARY 

Melvil Dewey, M. A. 



DIRECTORS of departments 
1888 Melvil Dewey, M.A. 

Administrative, State library and Home Education 
1890 James Russell Parsons jr, M.A. College and High School d efts 
1890 Frederick J. H. Merrill, Ph.D. State museum 



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University of the State of New York 



College Department 

INCLUDING UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS 

Bulletin 5 October 1899 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 



UNITED STATES 



GENERAL 



PREFACE 

New York has now formally recognized in her statutes that 
the public is as much entitled to protection against incompetent 
practitioners of the learned professions, as against untrust- 
worthy corporations in insurance or banking. The University is 
responsible for the administration of these protective laws and 
regulations and for the registration of the standards for license 
and for admission and graduation from the various professional 
schools of other states and countries. In this connection the 
daily need of an authoritative register is so keenly felt that we 
have now undertaken its preparation and constant revision so 
that it shall be a standard work of reference to all interested. 

The register "will appear in the following series of bulletins: 

1 Professional education in the United States 

2 Professional education in foreign countries 



4 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

The first series on professional education in the United States 
embraces seven bulletins as follows: 

1 General 4 Medicine 

2 Theology 5 Dentistry 

3 Law 6 Pharmacy 

7 Veterinary medicine 

The second series on professional education in foreign coun- 
tries is in course of preparation. 

As we bear the large labor and cost of this important work 
we confidently relied on and have received the active coopera- 
tion of officials in other states and countries in supplying us 
promptly with official information on which our publication is 
based. In return for this courtesy we furnish the bulletins as 
soon as published without cost to each officer so cooperating, 
and record our obligations for assistance fully and freely ac- 
corded by others interested in professional education or stand- 
ards. Any information that will enable us to secure omitted or 
more recent statutes, court rules or government regulations 
touching the practice of law, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and 
veterinary medicine, rules adopted for their enforcement, ad- 
dresses of officers in charge, or any suggestions for making future 
editions of this reference work more accurate and useful will be 
highly appreciated. 

Melvil Dewey 

Secretary 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES t> 

INTRODUCTION 

Professional education conforms to the University editing rules approved 
by the regents committee Feb. .10, 1S99 except that abbreviations have 
been used more freely to condense the great volume of matter. Where 
matter has been greatly condensed the library abbreviations for dates are 
used in the following order: 1) day of week, 2) day of month, 3) month, 
4) year. The abbreviations are: 

Months: Ja, F, Mr, Ap, My, Je, Jl, Ag, S, O, N, D 
Days: Sn, M, Tu, W, Th, F, St 

W9SS5 means Wednesday, Sep. 9, 1885. In other cases the usual abbre- 
viations have been used; e. g. Jan. 1, 1900. 

Preacademic, grammar or common school work refers to the eight 
years of elementary instruction; secondary or academic work refers to 
the four years of secondary instruction between elementary school and 
college. Secondary school includes all institutions that give one or more 
years of secondary instruction, incorporated academies, high schools, 
academic departments in union schools and similar unincorporated schools 
of academic grade. College work refers to the four years of higher in- 
struction, following the four years of secondary. The term college in- 
cludes universities and other institutions for higher education authorized 
to confer degrees. Professional and technical institutions are uniformly 
called schools whatever their corporate titles. 

Authorities 

It is impossible within the limits of this bulletin to give 
more than a brief outline of professional education in the United 
States. For detailed information touching laws, regulations, lo- 
cation of schools, and courses of study the reader is referred to 
other bulletins in the series on Professional education in the United 
States, published by the University of the State of New York. 

Of the many authorities consulted the following have proved 
most helpful: U. S. education reports; Eliot's Educational reform; 
U. S. census reports; Briggs's Theological education and its needs ; a 
Dyer's Theological education in America* Jessup's Legal education 
in New York; Wellman's Admission to the barf Hammond's 
American law schools, past and future ; e Reports of the American bar 
association; Toner's Annals of medical progress in the United 
States ;f Davis's Medical education and medical institutions in the 
United States ; g Journal American medical association; Shepard's 
Inaugural address at the World's Columbian dental congress; Pro- 
ceedings of the American pliarmaceutical association. These and 
other authorities have been used freely, but limited space makes 
it impracticable to give in many cases more than this general 
acknowledgment. 

Assistance rendered by specialists is acknowledged in the 
bulletin relating to each profession. 

a Forum, January 1892. 6 Penn monthly, August 1880. c See the History 
of the bench and bar of New York, d American law review, May 1S81. 
e Southern law review, August 1881. f U. S. education report, 1874. g U. s' 
education report, 1877. 



6 



UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OP NEW YORK 



Growth 

At the time of the declaration of independence there were 
only two professional schools in this country, the Medical col- 
lege of Philadelphia (1765), now the medical department of the 
University of Pennsylvania, and the medical department of 
King's college (1768).° 

The following statistics, summarized from Professional educa- 
tion in the United States, show unprecedented growth : & 



Theology 

Law 

Medicine 

Dentistry 

Pharmacy 

Veterinary medicine 

eTotal 



Schools Instructors Students Graduates Students 



165 
86 
cl56 
56 
d52 
17 



532 



1070 

970 

c5 735 

1 513 

di92 

249 



Id 



8 317 

11783 

c24 043 

7 221 

<i3 525 



55 257 



1693 
3 110 

c5 725 
1921 

dl 122 
123 



13 694 



11883 

c24 119 

7 633 

(73 563 

378 



55 669 



In 1898, 286 of the 532 schools reported total property amount- 
ing to nearly f 50,000,000 (New York 33$), 262 reported receipts 
exceeding $5,000,000 (New York 31$), 270 expenditures exceeding 
14,500,000 (New York 28$). Degrees are granted by 73 theolog- 
ical schools, 82 law schools, 152 medical schools, 56 dental schools, 
45 schools of pharmacy and 16 veterinary medical schools. 

a King's college is now Columbia university. 

6 The 1898 U. S. education report gives the following: 



theology 

Law 

Medicine 

Dentistry 

Pharmacy 

Veterinary medicine. 



Total. 



845 

4 247 

961 

401 



8 371 
11 615 
23 433 
6 774 
3 712 
326 



54 231 



1 673 
3 065 
5 597 
1 848 
1 129 
109 

13 421 



c Excluding graduate schools, but including 3 medical preparatory 
schools. 

d Including Department of pharmacy, University of Washington, which 
has suspended temporarily. 

e In these totals training schools for nurses are not included. The 
Philadelphia lying-in, charity and nurse school was opened in 1828, but it 
is said that systematic training in schools for nurses was not given till 
1873. The 1898 U. S. education report gives 377 of these schools with 
8805 students. The course of study is usually two years in length though 
nearly % of the schools now require three years. Most of these schools are 
connected with hospitals where medical, surgical and obstetric cases are 
treated. The course of study embraces anatomy, physiology and hygiene, 
and obstetrics. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 7 

Distribution of professional schools and students in 1899* 

38 political divisions of the United States report professional schools 
and students as follows : 



Division 


Theology 


Law 


Medicine 


Dentistry 


Pharmacy 


Veterinary 


Total 


Sc.=school 






























St. -student 


Se 


St. 


So. 


St. 


So 


St. 


So. 


St. 


So. 


St. 


So. 


St. 


So. 


St. 




18 
17 


1210 
1039 


9 

7 


1308 
2 202 


16 
11 


3 065 
2 415 


5 
3 


1282 
503 


2 
4 


284 
536 


2 
3 


82 
82 


52 
45 


7 231 


New York 


6 777 


Pennsylvania . .. 


17 


813 


3 


526 


6 


2 475 


5 


1503 


3 


619 


1 


52 


35 


5 988 


Missouri 


6 


448 


3 


366 


16 


2 345 


4 


485 


2 


177 


1 


25 


32 


3 846 


Ohio 


13 

8 


432 
514 


6 
2 


705 
974 


13 

4 


1392 
1 066 


5 
2 


589 
302 


5 

1 


418 
178 


1 
1 


14 
27 


43 

18 


3 550 


Massachusetts .. 


3 061 


Maryland 


6 


561 


2 


277 


8 


1331 


3 


497 


1 


106 








20 


2 772 


Tennessee 


8 


226 


6 


211 


9 


1876 


4 


301 


3 


75 








30 


2 689 


Michigan 


3 


102 


2 


918 


6 


877 


2 


346 


2 


129 


2 


26 


17 


2 398 


Kentucky 


3 


401 


2 


96 


7 


1011 


1 


179 


1 


60 








14 


1747 


Dist. Columbia.. 


5 


105 


5 


892 


5 


460 


3 


135 


2 


46 


2 


27 


22 


1665 


Iowa 


5 


204 


2 


365 


5 


631 


2 


135 


3 


210 


1 


27 


18 


1572 


California 


5 


78 


3 


323 


6 


576 


4 


395 


2 


83 


1 


7 


21 


1462 


Indiana 


4 


161 


4 


456 


4 


305 


2 


258 


2 


170 


1 


7 


17 


1357 


Minnesota 


8 


277 


1 


446 


3 


428 


1 


110 


1 


62 








14 


1323 


Virginia 


4 


194 


3 


236 


3 


618 


2 


36 


2 


22 








14 


1106 




2 
4 


98 
160 


4 
2 


75 
259 


3 
2 


449 
198 


2 
1 


258 
135 


1 
1 


31 
61 










12 
10 


911 


Wisconsin 


813 




1 
1 


16 
23 


2 
1 


176 

72 


2 
2 


290 

388 











1 
1 


40 
18 










6 
5 


522 


Louisiana 


501 


New Jersey 


5 


459 




















1 


26 








6 


485 


Connecticut 


3 


152 


1 


194 


1 


109 




















5 


455 


Colorado 


2 


33 


2 


93 


4 


253 


2 


50 














10 


429 


Nebraska 


3 


59 


2 


117 


3 


179 


1 


58 














9 


410 


Alabama 


3 


61 


1 


27 


3 


239 


1 


42 


2 


41 








10 


410 




1 
3 


9 

81 


1 

2 


166 

86 


3 
3 


172 
167 










1 
2 


45 
25 










6 

10 


392 


North Carolina.. 


359 




2 



78 



1 



31 




2 
1 


171 
215 











1 



13 











6 
1 


293 


Vermont 


215 


Oregon 


?, 


53 


fl 


65 


2 


82 




















6 


200 


South Carolina.. 


3 


46 


1 


25 


1 


97 








1 


27 








6 


195 


Arkansas 








1 


26 


1 


108 




















2 


134 


New Hampshire. 














1 


131 




















1 


131 


West Virginia .. 








1 


125 





C 








(1 











1 


125 


Washington 








1 











1 


34 


2 


33 


1 


2 


5 


69 


Mississippi 








1 


45 


























1 


45 


Oklahoma 











C 





C 





(J 


1 


18 








1 


18 


South Dakota. .. 


























1 


10 








1 


10 




165 


8 093 


86 


11883 


156 


24 119 


56 


7 633 


52 


3 563 


17 


378 


532 


55 669 



The following report no professional schools : Alaska, Arizona, Dela- 
ware, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Indian territory, Montana, Nevada, New 
Mexico, North Dakota, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, Utah, "Wyoming. 

a Not including students at the University of Havana: law 124, medicine 98, phar- 
macy 98 (1899), or at the University of Santo Tonuis, Manila: theology 6, law 558, 
medicine 404, pharmacy 51 (1897). Grand total, including also 1916 graduate medical 
students, 58,924. 



8 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

Illinois leads for the first time in professional students, a fact 
due to a lack of proper control of the power to grant degrees and 
licenses. Including students in graduate medical schools, New 
York and Illinois report about the same number of professional 
students in 1899. 

Varying standards 

There is no national authority in the United States that can 
prescribe standards for degrees or for license to practise the 
professions. Each state makes its own professional laws. As 
a result there are almost as many standards as there are politi- 
cal divisions. The desirability of uniform standards throughout 
the country for admission to professional practice is recognized 
generally, but varying conditions as to density of population, 
educational advantages and general development make it im- 
practicable to hope for the attainment of this end for some time 
to come." 

30 years ago the public had little protection from incompe- 
tency in professional practice. The bar is said to have been at 
its lowest ebb. Medical laws were crude and largely inoperative. 
In several states only were there any acts designed to control 
the practice of pharmacy and dentistry. There was no law what- 
ever restricting the practice of veterinary medicine. 

There has been extraordinary progress, specially in the last 
decade, in restrictive professional legislation, and in the admis- 
sion and graduation requirements of professional schools 
throughout the United States. In view of these facts the growth 
in professional students is remarkable. From 188S to 1899 the 
increase was as follows: theology 24$, law 224$, medicine 84'/, 
dentistry 380$, pharmacy 31$, veterinary medicine 17$. 

In 1890, when the last U. S. census was taken, the ratio to 
population for each given profession was: clergymen 1 to 710, 
lawyers 1 to 699, physicians 1 to 598, dentists 1 to 3579. The 
corresponding ratios for 1870 were: clergymen 1 to 879, lawyers 
1 to 946, physicians 1 to 617, dentists 1 to 4919. In each profes- 

a See section in medical bulletin on Influence of medical societies. 



Growth in professional students 



Medicine 



Theology 
Law 



Pharrhacy 

Dentistry 

Veterinary 





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2-4- 

23 

22. 

21 

20 

19 

18 

11 

16 

15 

14 

13 

\Z 

Tl 

10 

9 

8 

1 

6 

5 

4 

3 

Z 

1000 





PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 



9 



sion there lias been a growth which is greater proportionately 
than the growth in population. 

Preliminary general education for licenses 
In New York state a preliminary general education equivalent 
to graduation from a four years' high school course after a com- 
pleted eight years' elementary course is prescribed by statute as 
the minimum standard for license to practise medicine. This 
standard approximates that required in continental Europe. 
New Hampshire has similar requirements, but they are not as 
rigidly enforced. The statutes of Delaware, Maryland, New 
Jersey and Pennsylvania prescribe a " common school education." 
Louisiana demands a " fair primary education." The rules in 
Vermont prescribe a high school course; in Illinois and Iowa 
less than one year of high school work; in Virginia, "evidence 
of a preliminary education." In remaining political divisions laws 
and rules are either silent in this respect or so indefinite (Arkan- 
sas and other political divisions) as to be of little value. 

In New York and Illinois (after Jan. 1, 1900) a preliminary gen- 
eral education equivalent to a three years' high school course is 
required for admission to the bar. Connecticut demands a high 
school education or an indefinite preliminary examination. The 
minimum requirement in Michigan (in case of examination) is 
less than two years of high school work, in Colorado it is one 
year of high school work, in Minnesota (in case of examination) 
it is less than one year, in Ohio it is a common school education. 

a These returns were first given in 1860 when the ratio to population 
(31,443,321) was: clergymen (37,529) 1 to S37, lawyers (33,193) 1 to 947, 
physicians (54,543) 1 to 57G, dentists (5,606) 1 to 5,608. Following are the 
figures for 1870, 1880 and 1890: 





Population 


Clergymen 


Lawyers 


Physicians 


Dentists 


1870 


38 558 371 
50 155 783 
62 622 250 


43 874 
64 698 
88 203 


40 736 
64 137 
89 630 


62 448 
85 671 
104 8n5 


7 839 


1880 


12 314 


1890 .. 


17 498 







Students at these periods were reported as follows in 1S97 by the Ameri- 
can bar association: 





Theology 


Law 


Medicine 


Dentistry 


Pharmacy 


1870 


3 254 
5 242 
7 013 


1 653 

3 134 

4 518 


6 19S 
11 929 
16 660 


257 

730 

2 696 


512 


1880 


1 347 


1890 


2 871 







10 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

If anything is demanded in other political divisions the require- 
ment is not sufficiently established (excepting a few local cases) 
to find a place either in statutes or court rules. 

The New York law exacts a full high school course as one of 
the requirements for license to practise dentistry." New Jersey 
demands by statute " a preliminary education equal to that fur- 
nished by the common schools," Pennsylvania "a competent com- 
mon school education," Virginia a " fair academic education." 
Jn other political divisions there is no such requirement. 6 Louis- 
iana, Michigan, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and, in case of exam- 
ination, California and Texas are the only political divisions 
which mention in their rules preliminary general education as 
a requirement for license to practise pharmacy. An elementary 
education only is prescribed. The completion of a full high 
school course or its equivalent is one of the statutory require- 
ments for license to practise veterinary medicine in New York. c 
Pennsylvania demands " a competent common school education." 
There is no such requirement in any other state. 

Preliminary general education for degrees 
In New York, high standards in preliminary general education 
are demanded both for degrees and for licenses,^ and in each case 
the question of attainments is determined by a central authority, 
the University of the State of New York. As a rule in other 
states the professional schools conduct their own entrance ex- 
aminations, and the tests are often mere matters of form, even 
though the standards may appear satisfactory on paper. 

Entrance requirements 
In 4 theological schools there are no entrance requirements; 
in 24 schools they are indefinite. 19 demand a grammar school 
education. 1, 6 and 19 require respectively one, two and three 
years of high school work. 18, 3 and 71 demand respectively one, 
three and four years of college work. 

a For matriculates before Jan. 1, 1901, 3 years in a high school are 
accepted. & See section in dental bulletin on Dental societies, c For 
matriculates before Jan. 1, 1901, 2 years in a high school are accepted. 
d Excepting licenses to preach and licenses to practise pharmacy. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 11 

In 16 law schools there are apparently no entrance require- 
ments whatever; in 8 schools they are so indefinite as to be 
practically worthless. 26 schools demand a grammar school edu- 
cation. 8, 11, 12 and 3, require respectively one, two, three and 
four years of high school work. Harvard demands an education 
equivalent to that required for admission to the senior class. 
The Columbia law school will be maintained as a graduate de- 
partment after 1903. 

In .2 medical schools the requirements are indefinite; 29 de- 
mand a grammar school education; 97, 12, 3 and 12 require re- 
spectively one, two, three and four years of high school work. 
Johns Hopkins requires a college course, Harvard also after 
Sep. 1901. 

In 3 dental schools the requirements are indefinite; 18 demand 
a grammar school education; 18, 11 and 6 require respectively 
one, two and three years of high school work. 

In 6 schools of pharmacy there are no entrance requirements; 
in 4 schools they are indefinite; 24 demand a grammar school 
education; 11, 6 and 1 require respectively one, two and three 
years of high school work. 

In 1 veterinary medical school the requirements are indefinite; 
9 demand a grammar school education; 1, 5 and 1 require respec- 
tively one, two and three years of high school work. 

Professional students with college degrees 
The 1894 U. S. education report states that probably nearly 
one half of the theological students held either B.A. or B.S. 
degrees (46^$), as compared with only about 20$ of law students. 
The corresponding returns from medical schools were so imper- 
fect that they were not tabulated. Tables in the 1897 U. S. 
education report indicate that of schools reporting graduate 
students 49$ of the students in theology, 24$ of those in law and 
14$ of those in medicine held either B.A. or B.S. degrees. The 
corresponding returns for 1898 were 53$ in theology, 29$ in law, 
and 21$ in medicine. 



V2 



UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



Following is a classification of schools 1) that report grad- 
uate students, 2) that report no graduate students, 3) that do 
not report this item: 







Schools 


Students 


Hold B. A. or 
B. S. degrees 


Per cent 




1897 


1898 


1897 


1898 


1897 


1898 


1897 


1898 


Theology 


1 


93 


85 


5 217 


5 086 


2 566 


2 696 


49 


53 




2 


26 


28 


635 


850 
















3 


37 


42 


2 321 


2 435 


a 


a 


a 


a 


Law 


1 


56 


41 


7 997 


6 289 


1932 


1825 


24 


29 




2 


2 


2 


29 


20 
















3 


25 


40 


2 423 


5 306 


a 


a 


a 


a 


Medicine 


1 


76 


64 


10 709 


9 9G9 


1498 


2 094 


14 


21 




2 


5 


3 


160 


146 
















" 


69 


91 


13 508 


14 339 


a 


a 


a 


a 



a Not reported. 

Courses in theology, law and medicine are naturally graduate 
courses and will eventually be maintained as such by leading 
universities. It is believed, however, that it would not be ad- 
visable or even desirable for the state to make this the minimum 
requirement for degrees even in these faculties. High school 
graduation is sufficient for the minimum state requirement. 
Anything farther than this should be left to individual initiative. 6 

& There are few graduate students in dentistry, pharmacy or veterinary 
medicine. In library science, however, which under New York's leader- 
ship will develop rapidly throughout the United States, a thorough college 
training will soon be the usual requirement of all strong schools for 
admission to the professional course. In 1900, for example, all but two of 
the entering class of 31 at the New York state library school are gradu- 
ates of colleges or universities registered as maintaining proper stand- 
ards. In public accounting which was raised by New York to the dignity 
of a profession in 1896 the New York requirement of a full four years' 
high school course will doubtless be accepted generally as the standard in 
preliminary general education. Additional requirements in New York for 
full C. P. A. certificates are three years' satisfactory experience in the 
practice of accounting (one of which has been in the office of an expert 
public accountant) and examinations in the theory of accounts, practical 
accounting, auditing and commercial law. Pennsylvania has a C. P. A. 
bill, and attempts have been made to secure similar legislation in Illinois, 
Maryland, New Jersey and Minnesota. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 



13 



Length of professional courses 
The following table shows as a rule great progress, specially 
since 1885, in the adoption of higher standards for graduation. 





Four 
year 8 


Three 

years 


Two 
years 


One 
year 


Not 
stated 




26 

26 

22 

a 20 

6 41 


77 

98 

116 

117 

116 


9 

6 

7 
8 
7 




1 

1 


11 


" 1885 


22 


" 1897 


11 


1898 

" 1899 


10 

















1 

5 
21 
38 
44 


30 
38 
47 
36 
37 


10 
6 

7 
4 
4 


• 2 


" 1885 





" 1897 

" 1898 


2 
5 


" 1899 


1 












99 

103 

141 


c3 
5 
49 
42 
10 


c72 

103 





2 


5 

2 

2 





" 1885 





" 1897 





" 1898 


(76 


" 1899 


1 











1 

1 
1 




5 

47 

49 

55 


12 

13 


















" 1885 





" 1897 





" 1898 





" 1899 















1 

el 




5 
5 
6 


10 
21 
34 
35 

38 


3 


2 

4 
7 


1 


" 1885 





" 1897 


2 


" 1898 





" 1899 
















10 
12 
14 


2 
2 
3 










" 1898 





" 1899 










a Including 4 schools that report courses of five years. 

6 Including 17 schools that report courses of more than four years. 

c Distinction between medical schools with two and three-year courses 
not certain. 

d Including 3 medical preparatory schools. 

e Department of pharmacy, "University of Washington, which has sus- 
pended temporarily. 



14 



UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



Professional schools now remain in session for a much greater 
part of the year than formerly: 





Length of courses in months, 


1899 








Unknownor 
less than 6 


6-7 


7-8 


8-9 


9-10 


More th;in 
10 


Total 





1 
10 
12 
5 
5 


3 

2 
74 
24 
16 


37 
6 
45 
11 
11 
2 


57 
52 
21 

4 
10 

4 


54 
21 
6 
5 
5 
1 


14 

4 


5 




165 




86 




156 


Dentistry 


56 

52 


Veterinary 


medicine.. 


17 


• Total . 


33 


124 


112 


148 


92 


23 


532 







Evening sessions occur less frequently: 





Day 

sessions 


Evening 
sessions 


Both 


Unknown 


Total 




49 
135 

47 
36 

7 


24 
5 
4 
9 



7 
9 

4 
3 


6 

7 
5 
3 

7 


86 




156 




56 




52 


Veterinary medicine 


17 


Total 


274 


42 


23 


28 


367 







University supervision 

As long as the public had practically no protection from in- 
competency in professional practice independent proprietary 
schools flourished. With proper restrictive legislation such in- 
stitutions will either die or fall under university supervision. 

Many professional schools not under university supervision 
show a self-sacrificing zeal for high standards and an absence of 
the commercial spirit that might well be emulated by all institu- 
tions connected with colleges or universities. Nevertheless in- 
dependent institutions are realizing more than ever before the 
disadvantages of working without university privileges and 
tend more and more toward university connections or university 
relations. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 



15 



In 1899, 257 schools were separate institutions and 275 were 
departments of colleges or universities as follows: 



Theology 

Law ■ 

Mediciue 

Dentistry 

Pharmacy 

Veterinary medicine 

Total , 



in^Ftutions departments Total 



119 
16 



257 



275 



165 
86 

156 
56 
52 
17 



532 



Scholarships 

Theological seminaries, when not endowed, are supported by 
funds from the denominations they represent. Tuition is gener- 
ally free, and in many cases board and lodging are furnished. 
Additional help is given usually when needed, and generous 
scholarships are the rule. In other professional schools scholar- 
ships are comparatively rare. The 1895 U. S. education report 
gives 40 law school scholarships and 295 a medical school scholar- 
ships. The largest, offered by College of physicians and sur- 
geons, New York, pays $700 a year and is bestowed to promote 
the discovery of new facts in medical science. 

An examination of 82 law school catalogues for 1899 shows 
that 48 scholarships are offered definitely. Tuition is free at the 
law department of Howard university, the law departments of 
the universities of Kansas, Texas and West Virginia. The Har- 
vard law school and the Boston university law school offer a 
"limited number of free scholarships." Law students may com- 
pete for the 150 state scholarships and the 18 university scholar- 
ships offered annually at Cornell and for the 50 city scholar- 
ships offered by the University of Pennsylvania. The law depart- 
ment of Centre college offers free tuition to sons of ministers 
and to all young men of limited means and good character. 3 
schools give fellowships annually as follows: New York law 

a Many of these are not scholarships in a strict sense. — U. S. education 
report, 1895 



16 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

school, 1 at $500 a year, good for from one to three years, Law 
department University of Pennsylvania, 1 at $300, good for one 
year, Pittsburg law school, 1 at $250, good for one year. 32 
schools offer cash prizes amounting to $3010 and law and refer- 
ence books as other prizes. 

151 medical school catalogues for 1899 report definitely only 
152 scholarships and 11 fellowships. These are offered by 31 
schools. 5 other schools refer indefinitely to scholarships. At 
Cornell and the University of Pennsylvania medical students 
may compete for state and university, or city scholarships on an 
equal footing with those who would enter other departments. 
Tuition is free at the Army medical school, the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Texas and the medical preparatory 
school of the University of Kansas. 19 schools give cash prizes 
amounting to $5685, 57 offer hospital appointments as prizes, 47 
give gold medals, surgical instruments and other prizes. 

56 dental school catalogues for 1899 show that 7 schools offer 
58 scholarships. The dental department of the University of 
Maryland deducts one half from tuition fees of one student from 
each state on recommendation of his state dental society. The 
Baltimore college of dental surgery had similar beneficiary schol- 
arships till 1898 when they were abolished. 18 schools offer 
prizes but their value is not great. 

52 catalogues of schools of pharmacy for 1899 show that 5 
schools offer 12 scholarships and 2 fellowships. Tuition is free a1 
the schools of pharmacy connected with the Alabama polytechnic 
institute, Washington agricultural college, Purdue university, 
and the universities of Kansas, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas. Washing- 
ton and Wisconsin. 15 schools offer prizes, usually medals or 
pharmaceutic instruments. 5 of these 15 schools give cash prizes 
amounting to $620. The committee on revision of the U. S. 
pharmacopoeia has instituted fellowships in the University of 
Michigan and the University of Wisconsin for the discovery of 
new facts in pharmacy. 

16 veterinary school catalogues for 1899 show that 19 scholar- 
ships are offered by 5 schools, that 1 school gives a fellowship 
and that 6 schools offer prizes. Tuition is free at the veterinary 

a See section in dental bulletin on Subjects discussed. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 17 

departments of Cornell and Ohio universities, and of Washington 
agricultural college. Cornell opens to competition by veterinary 
students, 18 scholarships and to veterinary graduates a fellow- 
ship of an annual value of $500. Veterinary matriculates are 
eligible for 50 city scholarships offered by the University of Penn- 
sylvania. The veterinary department of Ohio state university 
offers a scholarship in each county in which the agricultural 
scholarship is not taken. 

Fees 

Tuition is free in 132 theological schools. Only 8 have matricu- 
lation fees, 33 a course fee and 34 other fees. The average ma- 
triculation fee is $5.38, the average course fee $91.61, the average 
of other fees $22.06. 

Tuition is free in 4 law schools. 23 have matriculation fees (av- 
erage $14), 83 have course fees (average $69.80), 59 have other 
fees (average $10.86). 

Tuition is free in 3 medical schools. 119 have matriculation 
fees (average $10.68), 153 have course fees (average $82.39), 129 
have other fees (average $49.47). 

Tuition is not free in any dental school. 40 have matriculation 
fees (average $8.62), 56 have course fees (average $94.32), 5 have 
other fees (average $33.48). 

Tuition is free in 9 schools of pharmacy. 28 have matricula- 
tion fees (average $8.07), 43 have course fees (average $58.90), 50 
have other fees (average $37.90). 

Tuition is free in 3 veterinary medical schools. 7 have matricu- 
lation fees (average $7.85), 14 have course fees (average $81.28), 
12 have other fees (average $43.50). 

Libraries 

In 1898 the U. S. commissioner of education reported 1,360,720 
volumes in libraries of 118 theological schools, 243,054 in libra- 
ries of 47 law schools, 151,433 in libraries of 72 medical schools, 
6901 in libraries of 16 dental schools, 22,156 in libraries of 17 
schools of pharmacy. 3 theological schools, 9 law schools, 21 
medical schools, 9 dental schools and 2 schools of pharmacy re- 
ported that they had no libraries. 34 theological schools, 27 



18 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

law schools, 58 medical schools, 25 dental schools and 26 schools 
of pharmacy made no report on this item. Libraries in veterinary 
medical schools were not reported. 
Following were the largest libraries: 

Theology 

Volumes 

Union theological seminary, presbyterian 71 576 

Hartford theological seminary, congregational 68 029 

Princeton theological seminary, presbyterian 61 648 

Andover theological seminary, congregational 51 000 

Seminary of the Keformed Dutch church in America. 43 700 

Law 

Harvard university, law department 44 000 

Cornell university, law department 26 000 

Columbia university, law department 25 000 

University of Pennsylvania, law department 18 904 

Yale university, law department °12 000 

Medicine 

Hahnemann medical college, Philadelphia 15 000 

Hahnemann medical college, Chicago 12 000 

University of Michigan, homeopathic medical dep't. . 10 000 

University of Pennsylvania, medical department 10 000 

Johns Hopkins medical school 7 712 

Dentistry 

Marion Sims college of medicine, dental department. h 2 000 

Ohio medical university, dental department c 2 000 

University of Michigan, dental department a 600 

Pharmacy 

Philadelphia college of pharmacy 10 000 

Massachusetts college of pharmacy a 5 132 

University of Illinois, department of pharmacy 1 800 

aApproximate. 

&Only one library for medical and dental dep'ts. 

cOnly one library for medical, dental and pharmacy dep'ts. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 19 

Endowments 
The 1898 U. S. education report gives the following: 
84 theological schools report endowments of $17,977,325. 54 
do not report this item. 17 state that they are not endowed. 

19 medical schools report endowments of $1,906,072. (In 1897, 
14 medical schools reported endowments of $648,262.) 84 do not 
report this item. 48 state that they are not endowed. 

8 law schools report endowments of $752,500. The law 
department of the University of Cincinnati reports also an en- 
dowment that yields an income of $7500. (In 1897, 4 law 
schools reported endowments of $431,000.) 48 do not report this 
item. 27 report that they are not endowed. 

1 dental school, the Harvard dental school, reports an en- 
dowment of $50,000. 20 report that they are not endowed. 29 
do not report this item. 

2 schools of pharmacy, the Massachusetts college of phar- 
macy ($13,675) and the Albany college of pharmacy ($2381) re- 
port endowments of $16,056. 17 report that they are not en- 
dowed. 26 do not report this item. 

Following are the largest endowments: 

Theology 

Princeton theological seminary, presbyterian $1 369 000 

Union theological seminary, presbyterian °1 350 000 

General theological seminary, protestant episcopal 1 260 987 

Chicago theological seminary, congregational 968 820 

Andover theological seminary, congregational 850 000 

Law 

Harvard university, law department 400 000 

University of California, law department 135 000 

Catholic university of America, law department ... 6 100 000 

a 1897. 

& Approximate. 



20 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

Medicine 

Columbia university, medical department $480 000 

Johns Hopkins medical school 427 000 

Woman's medical college of Pennsylvania 296 772 

Yale university, medical department 106 000 

Value of grounds and buildings 

The 1898 U. S. education report gives the following values of 
grounds and buildings: 

98 theological schools, $13,863,628. 54 do not report this item. 
3 report that they do not own grounds or buildings. 

19 law schools, $1,431,000. 58 do not report this item. 6 re- 
port that they do not own grounds or buildings. 

96 medical schools, a $11,264,263. 53 do not report this item. 
2 report that they do not own grounds or buildings. 

15 dental schools, 6 $1,019,836. 30 do not report this item. 
5 report that they do not own grounds or buildings. 

15 schools of pharmacy, $656,417. 25 do not report this item. 
5 report that they do not own grounds or buildings. 

The following report the greatest values in grounds and build- 
ings: 

Theology 

General theological seminary, protestant episcopal $1 353 000 

St Joseph's seminary, Roman catholic 1 100 000 

Western theological seminary, presbyterian 780 055 

Princeton theological seminary, presbyterian 500 000 

Union theological seminary, presbyterian 500 000 

Law 

University of Cincinnati, law department 350 000 

Boston university law school 225 000 

Harvard university, law department 150 000 

New York university, law department 120 000 

Vanderbilt university, law department 100 000 

a In 1897, 93 schools reported $7,271,009. 
bin 1897, 13 schools reported $627,500. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 



21 



Columbia university, medical department |2 000 000 

Jefferson medical college 

Hahnemann medical college, Philadelphia 

Cooper medical college 

New York homeopathic medical college 

Dentistry 

Baltimore medical college, dental department 

Philadelphia dental college 

New York college of dentistry. . .' 

Detroit college of medicine, dental department. . . . 
Pennsylvania college of dental surgery 

Pharmacy 

New York college of pharmacy 

Philadelphia college of pharmacy 

Northwestern university, school of pharmacy 

Massachusetts college of pharmacy 

Maryland college of pharmacy 

When grounds and buildings are used for several departments, 
as for example the Columbia law school which is in the library 
building, values are not always reported. 



600 


000 


523 


763 


460 


000 


450 


000 


ff 200 


000 


170 


000 


120 


000 


6 105 


336 


70 


000 


204 067 


150 000 


c 75 


000 


68 


850 


37 


000 



Total and average property, receipts and expenditures in i8g8 
It is interesting to compare with the preceding figures those 
given in Professional education in the United States: 

Total 





Schools 


Property 


Schools 

76 
31 
111 
23 
13 
8 


Receipts 


Schools 


Expenditures 




87 
27 
126 
19 
19 
8 


$27 785 997 

3 053 265 

15 346 030 

1 150 915 

981 932 

426 697 


$1 561 516 

565 295 

2 185 216 

459 996 

167 098 

86 598 


83 

' 33 

111 

22 

13 

8 


$1 420 921 




540 887 


Medicine 

Dentistry 

Pharmacy 

Veterinary med... 


2 022 503 

421 689 

173 994 

89 604 




286 


$48 744 836 


262 


$5 025 719 


270 


$4 669 598 



a Includes medical dep't. 

6 Includes medical and pharmacy dep'ts. 

cReported in pharmacy bulletin, $24,000, 



22 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

Average 



Property 



Receipts Expenditures 



Tbeology 

Law 

Medicine 

Dentistry 

Pharmacy 

Veterinary medicine 



$319 379 27 
113 083 88 
137 666 90 
60 574 47 
51 680 63 
53 337 12 



$20 546 26 

18 235 32 

19 686 63 
19 999 82 
12 853 69 
10 824 75 



$17 119 53 
16 390 52 

18 220 74 

19 167 68 
13 384 15 
11 200 50 



Gifts and bequests 
The following made up from Appleton's Annual cyclopaedia 
shows the amount of gifts and bequests for educational pur- 
poses (including hospitals), of $5000 each and upward in value 
for each year from 1894 to 1898. The extraordinary total of 
1110,952,199 is divided as follows: theological schools $1,918,500, 
law schools $127,500, medical schools $2,631,000, hospitals 
$16,593,701, libraries $14,143,888, general education $75,537,610.* 





Theology 


Law 


Medicine 


Library 


Geri.educ. 


Total 




Schools 


Hospitals 


1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 


$554 000 
570 000 
305 000 

244 500 

245 000 


$12 500 

TiVooo 


$126 000 
755 000 


$1 911 000 
•2 722 367 
5 096 667 
3 394 167 
3 469 500 


$3 927 721 
3 602 667 
2 197 000 
2 341 000 
2 075 500 


$11681262 
10 817 255 
13 894 058 
21 224 166 
17 920 869 


$18 212 483 
18 467 289 
21 492 725 
27 318 833 


1898 


1 750 000 


25 460 869 




$1 918 500 


$127 500 


$2 631 000 


$16 593 701 


$14143 888 


$75 537 610 


$110 952 199 



Women as professional students 
The 1898 U. S. education report shows that women now appear 
as students in professional schools of each class except those in 
veterinary medicine. In nursing they are of course in a large 
majority, 8004 as compared with 801 men. In the other pro- 
fessions they are reported as follows: theology 198, law 147, 
medicine 1397, dentistry 162, pharmacy 174. The proportion of 
women in regular medical schools is much smaller than in homeo- 
pathic, eclectic and physiomedical schools, showing that women 
prefer the medical sects. 

a Including the most notable gifts and bequests for all public purposes 
the grand total for these five years is $174,800,000. The ordinary denomi- 
national contributions for educational and benevolent purposes, all state 
and municipal appropriations to public and sectarian institutions and the 
grants of congress for the relief of suffering in Cuba are excluded. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 



23 



The following table made up from Professional education in the 
United States gives the division of professional schools by sex in 
1899: 



Theology 

Law 

Medicine 

Dentistry 

Pharmacy 

Veterinary medicine 



Men 


Women 


101 





22 





69 


7 


12 





4 





14 






165 
86 

156 
56 
52 
17 



Power to confer degrees 

Low standards in many professional schools are due to a fail- 
ure to subject the degree-conferring power to strict state super- 
vision. In New York and Pennsylvania the laws now prevent 
an abuse of the power to confer degrees.* In Massachusetts and 
Vermont bodies formed under the general corporation acts are 
prohibited from conferring degrees. In Ohio and Nebraska the 
statutes require only the nominal endowment of $5000 for a 
degree-conferring institution. In other states and territories as 
a rule any body of men may form an educational corporation 
with power to confer degrees " without any guaranty whatever 
that the privilege will not be abused." 6 

This matter has been under discussion recently in various 
educational bodies and there is a strong sentiment in favor of 
a strict supervision by the state of the degree-conferring power. 

James Russell Parsons jr 

Director of College department 

a A similar bill, strongly advocated by educators, was defeated at the 
last session of the Illinois legislature through the efforts of politicians and 
others in favor of low standards. 

?' Edward Avery Harriman, Educational franchises. (R. Am. bar. ass., 
1898.) 

c In 1897 the section of legal education of the American bar association 
resolved that the degree-conferring power should be " subject to strict 
state supervision to be exercised in a manner somewhat similar to that 
which is exercised by the regents of the University of the State of New 
York." In an address before the National educational association in 1S97, 
Pres. Henry Wade Rogers said: "There should be established in each 
state a council of education, which should be intrusted with powers similar 
to those vested in the regents of the University of the State of New York, 
and it should be composed of the most eminent men in the state without 
any reference to political considerations. No degree-conferring institution 
should be incorporated without the approval of the council of education." 



24 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS 

First in importance and earliest in time the requirements of a 
preliminary general education for admission to professional 
study are latest in development and least in legal recognition. 
Inasmuch as this must be the most important line of future 
development and in recognition of the advanced position taken 
by certain states a study is made of institutions whose re- 
quirements and examinations have stability enough to warrant 
an attempt to register them on a uniform basis. 

The study gives as completely as possible 
Institution, location, executive officer, year, number schools, 
Registration on a uniform basis. 
Unit of measure. Admission to a high school presupposes at 
least eight years of common school or preacademic work 
and the completion of arithmetic, geography, grammar, 
reading, spelling and writing on examination. The minimum 
requirements for each high school year are three prepared 
and one unprepared academic subject 45 minutes daily, five 
daj^s a week, 40 weeks a year; the maximum four prepared 
and one unprepared academic subject as above; less than 
the minimum can not be recognized, more than the maximum 
can not be accomplished; prepared subjects require prepa- 
ration outside of recitation periods, unprepared during 
the period. 
Order of registration. Institution, location, executive officer. 
Admission requirements meeting eight preacademic years; 
high school and college courses recognized as equivalent to 
one or more years of high school (academic) or college work, 
degrees registered as requiring a full college course and 
therefore entitling to " course certificates." 
For convenience of reference the rule governing the recogni- 
tion of a college course is appended. 

The court of appeals and the regents of the University of the 
State of New York both refuse to recognize as a college or 
university an institution which, though taking the name, in 
reality does work of a lower grade. Colleges of medicine, phar- 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 25 

niacy, dentistry, business colleges and all similar professional 
and technical schools are not registered as colleges. By college 
is understood an institution which requires for admission four 
years of academic or high school preparation in addition to the 
preacademic or grammar school studies, and which gives four 
full years of college instruction as a condition of graduation. 
Institutions with courses equivalent to three years of college 
work are sometimes registered when they require four full 
years of academic preparation, as are other institutions that 
admit after three years of preparation but that require a 
minimum of four years of college work. In all cases the total 
of high school and college work must not be less than seven 
years in advance of grammar school studies or the institution 
can not be registered as giving a full college course. 

The court also refuses to recognize as " study in a college " 
work in an academic or lower department conducted and super- 
vised by a college. To be accepted as an equivalent by the 
regents the work must be of college grade. 

Besides the institutions of higher education in the state of 
New York, inspected by the regents, institutions in other states 
and countries are registered on reliable information that the 
minimum standard is fully met. 

Institutions 

University of Alabama, University, Tuscaloosa county, 
Pres. James K. Powers, LL. D. 

1897-98. A member of the Association of colleges and pre- 
paratory schools of the southern states. 29 university auxiliary 
schools. 

Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by arithmetic, geography and 

grammar 
One year academic met by admission to scientific course 
Two years academic met by admission to classical course 
Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 
junior year, scientific (B. S.) course without Latin; sopho- 
more year, scientific (B. S.) course with Latin, classical 
(B. A.) course 
Not registered for course certificate. 



26 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

Arkansas industrial university , a Fayetteville, Pres. J. L. 
Buchanan. 
1897-98. 27 accredited schools. 

Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by first year preparatory school 
One year academic met by second year of the course 
Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 
junior year undergraduate work in arts (B. A.), science 
(B. S.), engineering (B. C. E., B. M. E., B. E. E.), agriculture 
(B. S. A.) courses 
Not registered for course certificate. 

University of California, Berkeley, Pres. Benjamin I. 
Wheeler, LL.D. 

1897-98. 76 accredited schools, 1896-97. 

Unit, five recitations a week for one school year, in effect 
August 1899. The valuation of the subjects expressed in units: 
1 English (2), 3 algebra (1$), 4 plane geometry (1), 5 U. S. his- 
tory and civics (1), 6 Latin (2), 7 Latin (2), 8 Greek (2), 9 Greek 
(1), 10 ancient history (1), 11 physics (1), 12a advanced mathe- 
matics (1), 12b chemistry (1), 12c botany (1), 12d zoology (1), 13 
medieval and modern history (1), 14 English (2), 15a French (2), 
15b German (2), 16 drawing (1) 
Registration 

Four years academic met by 

Admission to the College of letters, subjects 1 to 11 inclusive 

Admission to the Colleges of sciences, 1 to 7 inclusive, 8 or 14 

or 15, 10 and 13 or two 12 ? s, other alternatives given 
Three years academic met by 

Admission to the Colleges of agriculture, chemistry, mechanics, 
engineering, subjects 1 to 5 inclusive, 6 or 8 or 14 or 15, 11, 
12b and another 12, other alternatives 
Four years of academic work met by the successful completion 
of the freshman year in the eight colleges, letters (B. A.), 
social science (B. L.), natural science (B. S.), applied sciences 
(B. S.) 
Registered for course certificate, 
a Became Arkansas university by act of legislature in 1899. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 27 

University of Colorado, Boulder, Pres. J. H. Baker, LL.D. 
1897-98. 14 accredited schools. 

Registration 

Four years academic met by admission to the classical (B. A.) 

philosophic (Ph. B.) and scientific (B. S.) courses 
Registered for course certificate. 

Yale university, New Haven, Ct., Pres. Arthur T. Hadley, M. A. 

1897-98. Entrance on examinations only. 
Registration 

Four years academic met by admission to college; by the suc- 
cessful completion of the freshman year Sheffield scientific 
courses (Ph. B.) 

B. A. registered for course certificate. 

University of Illinois, Urbana, Pres. Andrew S. Draper, 
LL.D. 

1897-98. 138 accredited schools *. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by the completion of eight gram- 
mar grades 

Three years academic met by List C three-year courses ; by List 
B four-year courses 

Four years academic met by List A four-year courses; by the 
successful completion of the sophomore year of the college 
of engineering (B. S. in E.), of science (B. S. in S.), of agri- 
culture (B. S. in A.) not registered for course certificate; 
freshman year, college of literature and arts (B. A.) 

B. A. registered for course certificate. 

Indiana university, Bloomington, Pres. Joseph Swain, LL.D. 

1897-98. 143 commissioned high schools. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by the successful completion of 
the common branches 

Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 
high school course; by the successful completion of 45 term- 
hours that include the required subjects 

a After September 1S99 four full years of high school work required. 



28 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

A year's work of daily recitations in a subject is the unit, four 
units a year's work, 16 units a high school course 

A 11 units required — English 3, mathematics 3, foreign 
language 3, history 1, science 1; B 5 units elective; total 16 
units 

B. A. registered for course certificate. 

University of Iowa, Iowa City, Pres. Charles A. Schaeffer, 
LL.D. 

1897-98. 167 accredited schools. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by the grammar schools 

Three years academic met by admission to the four courses 

Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 
freshman year, classical (B. A.), philosophical (Ph. B.), scien- 
tific and engineering (B. S.) courses 

Registered for course certificate. 

University of Kansas, Lawrence, Pres. Francis H. Snow, 
LL.D. 

1897-98. 143 state high schools and academies. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by the successful completion of 
the grammar grades 

Two years academic met by admission to the school of en- 
gineering 

Three years academic met by admission to the school of arts 

Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 
sophomore class, school of engineering (B. S.), freshman 
class, school of arts (B. A.) courses 

B. A. registered for course certificate. 

Kentucky state college, Lexington, Pres. James K. Patter- 
son, LL.D. 

1897-98. 48 accredited schools. Admission requirements are 
not definitely outlined. 

Not registered for course certificate. 

Tulane university, New Orleans, La., Pres. William P. John- 
son, LL.D. 
1897-98. 10 approved schools. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 29 

Registration 
Two years academic met by admission examinations to courses 
Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 
sophomore year, classical, literary and Latin-scientific (B. A.) 
courses, scientific (B. S.) and engineering (B. E.) courses 
Not registered for course certificate. 

University of Maine, Orono, Pres. Abram W. Harris, Sc.D. 

1897-98. 73 approved schools. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by the successful completion of 
the elementary subjects 

One year academic met by admission to the short and technical 
courses except two-year pharmacy 

Two years academic met by the scientific and engineering 
courses 

Three years academic met by the Latin, scientific and classical 
courses 

Four years academic met by the successful completion of tne 
junior year of the technical courses (B. S.); sophomore year 
of the scientific and engineering courses (B. S., B. C. E., B. 
M. E.); freshman year of the classical (B. A.) and Latin- 
scientific (Ph. B.) courses 

B. A. and Ph. B. registered for course certificate. 

Johns Hopkins university, Baltimore, Md., Pres. Daniel C. 
Gilman, LL.D. 

1897-98. Six schools approved by academic council. 
Registration 

Four years academic met by the studies requisite for matric- 
ulation 
B. A. in any one of seven groups registered for course cer- 
tificate. 

Harvard university, Cambridge, Mass., Pres. Charles W. 
Eliot, LL.D. 

1897-98. Entrance on examination only. 



30 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

Registration 

Subjects of elementary examination English 8, Greek 8, Latin 

12, German 4, French 4, history 4, mathematics 8, science 4, 

total 52 
Subjects of advanced examinations Greek 4, Latin 4, Greek 

and Latin composition 4, German 4, French 4, mathematics 

(6) 4, mathematics (7) 4, physics 4, chemistry 4, total 36 
Four plans of admission, all the elementary studies 
a) and at least two advanced 
6) except French or German and at least three advanced 

c) except either Greek or Latin, and at least four advanced, 
including mathematics and either mathematics or physics or 
chemistry; 

d) except either Greek or Latin and either French or German, 
and at least five advanced including mathematics and either 
mathematics or physics or science, total 60 counts, or 5 years 
high school work 

B. A. registered for course certificate. 

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Pres. James B. Angell, 
LL.D. 

1897-98. 164 approved schools. 

Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by "adequate preparation " 

Four years academic met by admission to four groups 

B. A., Ph. B., B. S. and B. L. registered for course certificate. 

Minnesota high school board, Minneapolis, Inspector George 
B. Aiton. 

1897-98. 99 high schools under supervision. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by the work of the grammar 
grades 

Four years academic met by high school requirements; by ad- 
mission to the freshman class, science (B. S.), literature 
(B. L.) and arts (B. A.) courses, of the University of Minne- 
sota, Minneapolis, Pres. Cyrus Northrop, LL.D. 

B. A., B. L., Ph. B. registered for course certificate. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 31 

University of Missouri, Columbia, Pres. Richard H. Jesse, 
LL.D. 

1898-99. 216 approved schools. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by completion common schools, 

eight years 
Two years academic met by admission to school of mines 
Three years academic met by admission requirements of the 

B. A., B. L. and B. S. courses and of the school of engineers 
Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 

sophomore year, school of mines; freshman year, engineering 

and academic departments 
B. A., B. L., B. S., B. S. in C. E., E. E., M. E., S. E., registered 

for course certificate. 
State college, Bozeman, Montana, Pres. James Reid, B. A. 
1897-98. Nine accredited schools. 
Registration 
Eight years preacademic met by successful completion first 

preparatory year 
Two years academic met by successful completion preparatory 

course 
Four years academic met by science and engineering courses 
Not registered for course certificate. 

University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Pres. George E. MacLean, 
LL.D. 

1897-98. 70 accredited schools. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by successful completion gram- 
mar grades 

Three years academic met by admission to classical and liter- 
ary groups 

Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 
freshman year in any one of 18 groups (B. A.) 

B. A. registered for course certificate. 



32 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

State university of Nevada, Reno, Pres. Joseph E. Stubbs, 
D. D. 

1897-98. 
Registration 

One year academic met by admission requirements 

Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 
junior year of the arts (B. A.) and science (B. S.) courses 

Not registered for course certificate. 

Princeton university, Princeton, N. J., Pres. Francis L. Patton, 
LL.D. 

1897-98. Admission to undergraduate department on examin- 
ation only. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by preliminary subjects 

Four years academic met by admission to B. A. course 

B. A. registered for course certificate. 

University of the State of New York. For admission to the 
study of medicine, dentistry and veterinary medicine the laws 
require the completion of satisfactory work in a registered high 
school or its equivalent. 

In medicine four years of high school work are now required; in 
dentistry three years and in veterinary medicine two years for 
matriculates before Jan. 1, 1901. The court of appeals requires 
three years of high school work as the normal equivalent in law. 
The medical standard is given here. Standards for the other 
professions are on a similar basis except that partial equivalents 
can not be accepted for law student certificates. 

Matriculation. For matriculates prior to Jan. 1, 1897, med- 
ical schools are not required to furnish notice of conditional 
matriculation, and such students may make up the full require- 
ment at any time before beginning the second annual course 
counted toward the degree, or two years before the date of the 
degree. 

All matriculates after Jan. 1, 1897, must secure 48 academic 
counts or their full equivalent, before beginning the first annual 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 33 

course counted toward the degree unless admitted conditionally, 
in which case the deficiency is not to exceed 12 academic counts 
and must be made up before the student begins the second 
annual course counted toward the degree. 

Equivalents. The medical student certificate requires four 
years of satisfactory high school work or its equivalent. The 
regents will accept as fully equivalent any one of the following : 
a) a certificate of having successfully completed at least one full 
year's course of study in the collegiate department of any 
college or university, registered by the regents as maintaining a 
satisfactory standard; &) a certificate of having passed in a regis- 
tered institution examinations equivalent to the full collegiate 
course of the freshman year or to a completed academic course; 
three full academic years of satisfactory work were accepted as 
a high school course up to Aug. 1; 1896, since which date four full 
academic years have been required; c) regents passcards for any 
48 academic counts or any regents diploma; d) a certificate of 
graduation from any registered gymnasium in Germany, Austria 
or Russia; e) a certificate of the successful completion of a course 
of five years in a registered Italian ginnasio and three years in a 
Uceo; f) the bachelor's degree in arts or science, or substantial 
equivalents from any registered institution in France or Spain; 
g) any credential from a registered institution or from the govern- 
ment in any state or country which represents the completion of a 
course of study equivalent to graduation from a registered New 
York high school or academy or from a registered Prussian 
gymnasium. 

Partial equivalents. Candidates for certificates either with- 
out examination or by partial examinations should submit an 
application to the high school department, which will send either 
the proper certificate or a statement of credit given for all work 
done. 

Basis of registration. Admission to a high school presupposes 
at least eight years of common school or preacademic work. 
The minimum requirement for each high school year is three 
academic subjects taken five times a week throughout the year. 
The regents count 40 weeks as a full academic year, but if the 



34 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

candidate has passed successfully in a registered institution all 
the examinations for a full year's work, the question of actual 
attendance is not raised. Institutions throughout the world 
are registered if they offer academic work equivalent to one or 
more years in a registered high school. Courses in about 6000 
high schools, embracing institutions in almost every civilized 
country in the world, are registered as meeting wholly or in part 
the statutory requirements for admission to professional schools, 
while courses of the 750 institutions in the University are regis- 
tered on a similar basis. 

Requirements for certificates. Partial equivalents may be ac- 
cepted for a medical student certificate, i. e. evidence of comple- 
tion in a registered school of one or more full years of high 
school work and regents examinations in additional subjects 
representing the balance of the required 48 counts; regents 
examinations in the second or third year of any language course 
will be accepted as including the preceding years in those 
courses; candidates unable to offer certificates of the required 
academic work in a registered institution may present evidence 
to the regents that they had the required preliminary education, 
and may on passing regents examinations receive their certifi- 
cates as of the date when the preliminary work was completed. 

Applications. Address all communications regarding certifi- 
cates to the Director High School Department, University of 
the State of New York, Albany, N. Y. 

On examination. Candidates for certificates not attending 
schools in which regents examinations are held should send 
notice at least 10 days in advance, stating at what time 
and in what studies they wish to be examined, that required 
desk room may be provided at the most convenient place; 
necessary for matriculants prior to May 9, 1893, any 20 
counts, allowing 10 for the preliminaries, not including r; ading 
and writing; prior to May 13, 1895, arithmetic, elementary Eng- 
lish, geography, spelling, United States history, English com- 
position and physics, or any 50 counts, allowing 14 for the pre- 
liminaries; prior to Jan. 1, 1896, for any 12 academic counts; 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IX THE UNITED STATES 



35 



prior to Jan. 1, 1897, for any 24 academic counts; but all matri- 
culants, after Jan. 1, 1897, must secure 48 academic counts. 

Academic studies. The table assumes that each student takes three 
studies each day for five days each week. The term "count" represents 
10 weeks' work in one of these studies. The figure prefixed to each subject 
shows how many counts are allowed that subject. Subjects in italics are 
those in which examinations are held in June only. 

1st, 2d and 3d year English are offered as a substitute for all other 
English branches except the special reading courses. No extra counts Aviil 
be given to those who pass both in 1st and 2d year English, and in 
advanced English, English composition, rhetoric and English reading. 

Those who pass successfully in any of the following five parallel courses 
will receive half credit for the second part: 

1 3d year English or English literature and American literature 

2 2d year Latin or Caesar 

3 3d year Latin or Virgil's Aeneid 

4 2d year Greek or Anabasis 

5 3d year Greek or Homer's Iliad and 20 weeks of equal grade. 

GROUP i 



Language and literature 

English 

4 English, 1st year 
4 English, 2d year 
4 English, 3d year 
2 Advanced English 
2 English composition 
2 Rhetoric 
2 English literature 
2 American literature 
2 English reading 
2 English selections 
2 English prose 
2 English poetry 
2 American selections 

Modern foreign 

4 German, 1st year 
4 German, 2d year 
4 German, 3d year 
4 French, 1st year 
4 French, 2d year 
4 French. 3d year 

Ancient 

4 Latin, 1st year 

4 Latin, 2d year 

4 Caesar's Commentaries 

4 Latin, 3d year 



Sallust's Catiline 
Cicero's Orations 
Ovid's Metamorphoses 
Virgil's Aeneid 
Yirgil's Eclogues 
Latin composition 
Greek, 1st year 
Greek, 2d year 
Xenophon's Anabasis 
Homer's Iliad 
Greek, 3d yeai 
Greek composition 



GROUP 2 

Mathematics 

2 Advanced arithmetic 

4 Algebra 

2 Advanced algebra 

4 Plane geometry 

2 Solid geometry 

1 Plane trigonometry 

1 Spheric trigonometry 

GROUP 3 

Science 

Physical 

2 Astronomy 

2 Physics, part 1 
2 Physics, part 2 



36 



UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



Chemistry, part 1 
Chemistry, part 2 

Geologic 

Physical geography 
Geology 



Botany 
Zoology 



Biologic 



2 Physiology and hygiene 

GROUP 4 

History and social science 
2 General history 
1 Greek history 

1 Ptoman history 

2 English history 
2 French history 
2 U. S. history 

Regular examinations are held in January and June in all the 
studies, except those in italics, in which examinations are held 
in June only. The September examination is for professional 
and technical students only. 

CALENDAR OF EXAMINATIONS 1900 



2 Advanced V. S. history 

2 First reading course in V. 8. history 

2 Second reading course in U. S. 

history 
2 New York history 
2 Civics 
2 Economics 

GROUP 5 
Other studies 

2 Stenography 50 words per minute 
1 Stenography 100 words per minute 

1 Stenography 125 words per minute 

2 Home science 
2 Bookkeeping 

Form-study and drawing 

2 Drawing 

2 Advanced drawing 



YEAR 


January 


March 


June 


September 


1900 


22-26 


28-30 


11-15 


25-27 







DAILY PROGRAM OF REGENTS EXAMINATIONS 
The oral examination in reading may he held any time during examination 
week at the convenience of the examiner. 

SEPTEMBER SUBJECTS 



Tuesday 

9:15 a. m.— 12:15 p. m. 


Wednesday 
9:15 a. m.— 12:15 p.m. 


Thursday 
9:15 a. m.— 12:15 p. m. 


Advanced English 
German, 2d year 
Arithmetic 
Rhetoric 
Botany 


Writing 

Elementary English 
Plane geometry 
Roman history 


German, 1st year 

Algebra 

U. S. history 

New York history 

American literature 

Stenography 



Physical geography 
Urography 
Civics 
Economics 



Spelling 

English composition 

Physiology and hygiene 

English literature 

Bookkeeping 



Latin, 1st vear 
Physics, parti 
English history 
Drawing 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 



37 



JANUARY SUBJECTS 



Monday 
9:15am.-12:15p.K 



German, 2d year 
French, 2d year 
Adv. arithmetic 
Algebra 
Adv. drawing 
Latin comp. 



Tuesday 
a.m. -12:15 p.m. 



Rhetoric 
English, 2d year 
Eng. selections 
Arithmetic 
Adv. algebra 
Botany 
Greek history 



Wednesday 
15 a.m. -12:15 p.m. 



Writing 
Elem. English 
Plane geometry 
Chemistry, part 1 
N. Y. history 
Greek comp. 



Thursday 
5 a.m. -12:15 p. 



American lit. 
German, 1st year 
Greek, 1st year 
Plane trigonom. 
U. S. history 
Stenography 



Friday 
:15a.m.-12:15p.i 



Latin, 1st year 
Xenophon's Anab. 
Physics, part 2 
General history 
Drawing 



Adv. English 
English, 1st year 
German, 3d year 
French, 1st year 
French, 3d year 
Roman history 



Virgil's Aeneid 
Phy. geography 
Geography 
Civics 
Economics 



Spelling 
Eng. comp. 
Eng. literature 
English, 3d year 
Am. selections 
Zoology 
Bookkeeping 



Caesar 

Homer's Iliad 
Latin, 2d year 
Astronomy 
Chemistry, part 2 
Eng. history 



English reading 

Cicero's Orations 

Solid geometry 

Physics, part 1 

Geology 

Phys. and hygiene 





MARCH SUBJECTS 




Wednesday 
9:15 a. m.— 12:15 p.m. 


Thursday 
'9:15 a. m. — 12:15 p. m. 


Friday 
9:15 a. m.— 12:15 p. m. 


Advanced English 
Plane geometry 
New York history 


German, 1st year 

Algebra 

U S. history 

Stenography 


Rhetoric 
Latin, 1st year 
Drawing 
Arithmetic 



1:15—4:15 p. m. 



1:15—4:15 p. m. 



Spelling 

English composition 

Civics 



Writing 

Elementary English 

Caesar 

Physical geography 

English history 



Physics, part 1 

Geography 

Physiology and hygiene 

Economics 



JUNE SUBJECTS (ALL) 



Monday 


Tuesday 


Wednesday 


Thursday 


Friday 


9:15a. m.-12:15 p.m. 


9:15a. m.-12:15p.m. 


9:15a.m.-12:15p. m. 


9:15 a. m.-12:15 p.m. 


9:15 a. m. -12:15 p. m. 


German, 2d year 


Rhetoric 


Writing 


American lit. 


Latin, 1st year 


French, 2d year 


English, 2d year 


Elementary Eng. 


German, 1st year 


Xenophon's Anab. 


Virgil's Eclogues 


Eng selections 


Eng. poetry 


Greek, 1st year 


Greek, 2d year 


Adv. arithmetic 


Arithmetic 


Plane geometry 


Plane trigonom. 


Physics, part 2 


Algebra 


Adv. algebra 


Chemistry, part 1 


U S. history 


General history 


Adv. drawing 


Botany 


N Y. history 


Stenography 


Home science 


V. S. hist, reading 


Greek history 


French history 




Drawing 


course 1 




Greek comp. 






Latin comp. 











1:15— 4:15 p.m. 1:15— 4:15 p. m. 



Advanced Eng. 


English prose 


Spelling 


Caesar 


English reading 


English, 1st year 


Virgil's Aeneid 


Eng. composition 


Greek, 3d year 


Cicero's Orations 


German, 3d year 


Latin, 3d year 


Eng. literature 


Homer's Iliad 


Solid geometry 


French, 1st year 


Spheric trigon. 


English, 3d year 


Latin, 2d year 


Physics, part 1 


French, 3d year 


Phys. geography 


Am. selections 


Astronomy 


Geology 


Sallust's Catiline 


Geography 


Ovid's Metamor. 


Chemistry, part 2 


Phys and hygiene 


Roman history 


Civics 


Zoology 


Eng. history 


Adv. U. S. hist. 


U S. hist, reading 


Economics 


Bookkeeping 







38 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

Studies, calendar and daily program revised for the five years 
1900-1905 go into effect with the September examinations of 
1900. 

Sample papers. Calls for sample examination papers grew so 
burdensome that free distribution became impracticable. All 
the papers of the year are mailed in paper covers for 25 cents, or 
bound for 50 cents. Unbound sample papers not including more 
than 10 subjects may be had for 10 cents. 

On full equivalents. Candidates for the medical student cer- 
tificate having credentials that can be accepted in place of exam- 
inations, should forward them or authenticated copies, and the 
accuracy of the translations of credentials in a foreign language 
should be certified by the respective consul general. Credentials 
should be issued in due form by the president, dean or principal 
of the institution; and should be signed under seal or acknowl- 
edged before a notary, unless the institution is in the University 
of the State of New York. 

On partial equivalents. Candidates for the medical student 
certificate having credentials that can receive partial recognition 
should forward them in accord with the instructions to can- 
didates for full equivalence. In case of uncertainty apply for a 
partial equivalent blank or have an official of the institution 
certify in detail the work successfully completed giving special 
attention to item 1 of the Directions. See that the certificate 
is issued under the official seal of the institution or acknowledged 
before a notary public by the principal. If work has been done 
in other high schools secure a credential from each. Diplomas 
from registered institutions may be sent in lieu of this certificate 
when they give the information called for under item 1 of the 
Directions. If the school is not registered submit the informa- 
tion called for in item 2 of the Directions. 

Directions. 1 Give the full name of the applicant, the exact 
name of the institution and of the department attended, an accur- 
ate description of the course pursued, using the same terms that 
are given in the official announcement, circular or catalogue of 
the institution. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 39 

2 Send an official announcement, circular or catalogue of the 
institution, showing 

a) requirements for admission, i. e. subjects and years given 
to their completion; 

6) requirements for graduation in each course, including sub- 
jects pursued and time devoted to each. 

3 Application for medical student certificate: 

This certifies that admission to the (classical, etc.) course at 
(school, post-office, state) requires years of preacademic 

work and that (name in full) successfully completed 189 

the first a year of the course as follows: 

c , . , Weeks Periods Minutes ! Q . A . _ 

Subjects | peryear | per week per period | Standln g 

State university of North Dakota, Grand Forks, Pres. Web- 
ster Merrifield, M. A. 

1897-98. 21 schools classified by the high school board. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by eight years elementary gram- 
mar school 

Two years academic met by requirements of the third class 

Three years academic met by requirements of the second class 
and by admission to Latin and English courses 

Four years academic met by requirements of the first class 
and by the successful completion of the freshman year 
classical, Latin-scientific, scientific courses 

B. A. registered for course certificate. 

Ohio state university,' Columbus, Pres. James H. Canfield, 6 
LL.D. 

" We have no published list of accredited schools in this state 
— our accrediting is not yet systematic or quite satisfactory." 
May 14, 1898 

1896-97. 

a Use the same form for the 2d, 3d and 4th years of the course. 
&Dr Canfield was called to Columbia in 1S99. 



40 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

Registration 

Preacademic not given 

Three years academic met by admission to classical and Latin 

course in philosophy 
Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 

sophomore year, modern language, English (Ph. B.) and 

science (B. S.) courses; freshman year B. A. and Ph. B. 

courses 
B. A. and Ph. B. registered for course certificate. 
University of Oregon, Eugene, Pres. Charles H. Chapman, Ph.D. 
1898-99. 38 accredited schools. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by the successful completion of 

eighth grammar grade 
Two years academic met by 30 credits of preparation 
Four years academic met by 62 credits of preparation ; by the 

successful completion of the freshman year B. A., B. S. and 

B. L. courses 
B. A., B. S., B. L. registered for course certificate. 

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Provost Charles C. 
Harrison, LL.I). 

1897-98. No list of schools whose diplomas are accepted iu 
whole or in part, the diploma of each candidate decided on its 
own merits. 
Registration 
Two years academic met by admission to course 4 
Three years academic met by admission to courses 2 and 3 
Four years academic met by admission to course 1, by the suc- 
cessful completion of the freshman year courses 2 and 3 
(B. S.) ; by the successful completion of the sophomore year 
courses 4 (B. S.) 
B. A. and B. S. of courses 1, 2 and 3 registered for course certifi- 
cate, B. S. of courses 4 not registered for course certificate. 
University of South Dakota, Vermillion, Act. Pres. James E. 
Todd, M. A. 

1897-98. 22 accredited schools. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 41 

Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by the successful completion of 

the common school course 
Three years academic met by the successful completion of the 

sub-freshman department 
Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 

freshman year classical (B. A.), science (B. S.), letters (B. L.j 

courses 
B. A., B. S. and B. L. registered for course certificate. 

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Pres. Charles W. Dabney, 
LL.D. 

1897-98. 39 schools of the state accredited for 1898. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by five years primary and three 

years secondary 
One year academic met by admission requirements 
Four years academic met by graduation from the literary, 

scientific B. L. or B. S. as languages are elected, engineering, 

civil, mechanical, chemistry courses 
Not registered for course certificate. 

University of Texas, Austin, Pres. George T. Winston, LL.D. 
1897-98. 72 affiliated schools. 
Registration 

Preacademic not given 

One year academic met by admission to B. S. course 
Two years academic met by admission to B. L. course 
Three years academic met by admission to B. A. course 
Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 
junior year B. S. course, sophomore year B. L. course, fresh- 
man year B. A. course 
B. A. registered for course certificate. 

West Virginia university, Morgantown, Pres. Jerome H. Ray- 
mond, Ph.D. 

1897-98. 13 accredited schools. 



42 UNIVERSITY OF THE .STATE OP NEW YORK 

Registration 
Preparatory schools at Morgantown and Montgomery 
Eight years preacademic met by the successful completion first 

preparatory year 
Two years academic met by the successful completion third 

preparatory year 
Four years academic met by the successful completion of the 

sophomore year of modern literature (B. L.), philosophical 

(Ph. B.), scientific (B. S.), classical (B. A.) courses 
Not registered for course certificate. 

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Pres. Charles K. Adams, 
LL.D. 

1897-98. 137 accredited schools. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by the successful completion of 
eighth grammar grade 

Three years academic met by admission to English, general- 
science, engineering, civic historical 

Four years academic met by admission to modern or ancient 
classical; by the successful completion of freshman year 
B. A., B. L., B. S. courses 

B. A., B. L., B. S. registered for course certificate. 

University of Wyoming - , Laramie, Pres. Frank P. Graves, 
LL.D. 

1897-98. 12 accredited high schools. 
Registration 

Eight years preacademic met by admission to preparatory 

school 
Three years academic met by unconditional admission to the 

liberal arts college; by the successful completion of the 

freshman year classical, literary, scientific with Latin (B. A.) 

without Latin (B. S.) 
B. A., B. S. registered for course certificate. 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 43 

Associations 

The following associations of a national or local character are 
exerting such influence in formulating uniformity in the courses 
of secondary schools and requirements for admission to colleges 
and universities that they are given a place of permanent record. 
The only subject uniformly required for admission to colleges 
throughout the United States, viz, college-entrance requirements 
in English, is the result of the active effort of these associations. 
It is probable that in the near future more definite courses of 
instruction and more uniform requirements for admission to 
college will be secured through their influence. 

Association of colleges and preparatory schools of the mid- 
dle states and Maryland. Organized in 1887 as the College 
association of Pennsylvania; in 1888 it became the College asso- 
ciation of the middle states and Maryland; in 1892-93 admitting 
preparatory schools it assumed its present title; next meeting 
Dec. 1-2, 1899, Trenton, N. J., Sec. M. Whitcomb, Philadelphia, Pa. 

The object of the association is to consider the qualifications 
of candidates for admission to college and the methods of ad- 
mission; the character of the preparatory schools; the courses 
of study to be pursued in the colleges and schools, iD eluding their 
order, number, etc.; the relative number of required and elec- 
tive studies in the various classes; the kind and character of 
degrees conferred; methods of organization, government, etc.; 
the relations of the colleges to the state and to the general 
educational systems of the state and country; and any and all 
other questions affecting the welfare of the colleges and schools, 
or calculated to secure their proper advancement. 

The regular annual meeting is decided by the executive commit- 
tee unless determined by the association. Expenses are met by 
a $5 assessment on each institution. Membership is open to any 
college, normal or high school or other school preparing students 
for college in the middle states and Maryland on approval of the 
executive committee. In March 1898, the association had 156 
institutions on its roll of membership, of which one third were 
colleges and universities and two thirds secondary schools. 



44 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

Uniform entrance requirements in English. The most important 
steps toward the unification of college-entrance requirements in 
English were taken by this association at Columbia college De- 
cember 1893. On resolution introduced by Pre?. Low a joint com- 
mittee of 10, five representing the colleges and five the prepara- 
tory schools was appointed to consider the present usage in the 
matter of entrance examinations in English with power to print 
and circulate their report. At the first meeting of the committee, 
February 1894, at New York university, circulars of inquiry were 
ordered sent to the colleges of New England,' the middle states 
and Maryland, also to the preparatory schools and correspond- 
ence was opened with the commission of colleges in New England 
and with the New England association of colleges and prepara- 
tory schools. On May 17, 1894^ at Philadelphia the three dele- 
gations organized themselves into a conference and the con- 
clusions reached embraced five general recommendations, two 
lines of entrance requirements and a scheme for an advanced ex- 
amination. 

The second meeting of the conference was held May 9, 1895 in 
Boston with delegates present from the three associations and 
from the conference of teachers of English of the north central 
states. After discussion five propositions were voted, books for 
reading were recommended for 1899 and 1900 and a continuation 
of the joint conference was recommended. 

The third meeting held May 31, 1897 in New York included dele- 
gates from the association of colleges and preparatory schools of 
the southern states, recommended books for 1901 and 1902 sub- 
ject to the ratification of bodies represented and adjourned to 
meet Dec. 29, 1897 in Philadelphia. At the adjourned meeting 
sevtn specific recommendations were made concerning the teach- 
ing of English. The fifth meeting held May 29, 1899 in New 
York recommended books for 1903, 1904 and 1905. 

Reading. Subjects for the academic year beginning 

1 Ag 99 Dryden's Palamon and Arcite; Pope's Iliad, books 1, 6, 
22, 24; Addison's Sir Roger de Goverley papers; Goldsmith's Vicar 
of Wakefield; Scott's Ivanhoe; De Quincey's Flight of a Tartar 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 45 

tribe; Cooper's Last of the Mohicans; Tennyson's Princess; Low- 
ell's Vision of Sir Launfal. 

1 Ag 1900-01 Shakspere's Merchant of Venice; Pope's Iliad, 
books 1, 6, 22, 24; Addison's Sir Roger de Coverley papers; Gold- 
smith's Vicar of Wakefield; Coleridge's Ancient mariner; Scott's 
Ivanhoe; Cooper's Last of the Mohicans; Tennyson's Princess; 
Lowell's Vision of Sir Launfal; George Eliot's Silas Marner. 

1 Ag 1902-4 Shakespere's Merchant of Venice and Julius 
Caesar; Addison's Sir Rogei* de Coverley papers; Goldsmith's 
Vicar of Wakefield; Coleridge's Ancient mariner; Scott's Ivanhoe; 
Carlyle's Essay on Burns; Tennyson's Princess; Lowell's Vision 
of Sir Launfal; George Eliot's Silas Mai~ner. 

Study and practice for the academic year beginning 

1 Ag 99 Shakspere's Macbeth; Milton's Paradise lost, books 1 
and 2; Burke's Speech on conciliation with America; Macaulay's 
Essays on Milton and Addison. 

1 Ag 1900 and 1901 Shakespere's Macbeth; Milton's Lycidas, 
Comus, U Allegro and II Penseroso; Burke's Speech on conciliation 
with America; Macaulay's Essays on Milton and Addison. 

1 Ag 1902-4 Shakespere's Macbeth; Milton's Lycidas, Comus, 
L 'Allegro and II Penseroso; Burke's Speech on conciliation with 
America; Macaulay's Essays on Milton and Addison. 

Precognition, advanced English 2, English composition 2, rhet- 
oric 2, literature 2, total 8. 

Association of colleges and preparatory schools of the south- 
ern states. Organized 1895, next meeting 1-3 X. 99, Athens, Ga., 
Sec. J. H. Kirkland, Nashville, Tenn. 

The object of the association is to consider the qualifications 
for admission to colleges, the methods of admission, the char- 
acter of the preparatory schools, the courses of study in college 
and school including their order and number, the promotion of 
interests common to both. Begular annual meetings are held 
in November. Expenses are met by a |5 assessment on each 
institution. Membership is open to any college, high school or 
other school preparing students for college in the southern states 
on recommendation of the executive committee and assent of the 



46 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

association at a regular meeting. No college is eligible that 
furnishes preparatory instruction in any subject as part of its 
college organization, that does not hold written entrance exam- 
inations for admission, publish them annually and deposit copies 
with the secretary; that admits students under 15 years of age. 
Minimum requirements for admission to college binding on 
each institution: 

English, a part of the requirements of the Association of the 

middle states and Maryland; 
History and geography: United States history, general geog- 
raphy; 
Mathematics: arithmetic and algebra through quadratics, or 

algebra to quadratics and three books of plane geometry; 
Latin: four books of Caesar and four orations of Cicero (or 
their equivalent), with accompanying work in grammar and 
prose composition; 
Greek: three books of the Anabasis (or equivalent) with accom- 
panying work in grammar and simple prose composition 
(operative in 1900). 
Examinations in history, geography and English required of 
all students except that those pursuing technical studies in not 
more than two subjects may be excused; in Latin, Greek and 
mathematics of all students expecting to continue these subjects. 
No preparatory school that confers degrees is eligible. Koll 
of members shows colleges eight, high schools three, others 20, 
total 31. 

Eecognition, arithmetic, geography and English (grammar), 
eight year preacademic; English (composition and literature) 4, 
history 2, algebra 4, Latin 10, Greek 6, total 26 counts or two 
years academic. 

Commission of colleges in New England on admission exam- 
inations. Organized 1886, next meeting April 1900. Sec. W. C. 
Poland, Brown univ., Providence, R. I. 

In the spring of 1886, 13 colleges of New England had signi- 
fied their willingness to enter the commission as an experiment, 
reserving the right of full liberty of action; in April delegates 



PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 47 

framed rules for the organization, which were referred to the 
colleges for sanction, in September the rules had been ratified 
by all the colleges and the commission was definitely estab- 
lished. 

The commission is constituted by the appointment of one dele- 
gate from each college to serve for three years. 

The functions of the commission are to consider and co recom- 
mend to the several faculties such measures as they may deem 
expedient to maintain and promote uniformity in the require- 
ments for admission to college. 

Full liberty of action is reserved to each faculty on all pro- 
posals. 

Annual meeting in the month of April. Delegates from other 
New England colleges admitted on their acceptance of the rules. 

The influence of the commission has been widespread and deep 
as is shown by the uniformity of requirements for admission to 
the various colleges of the commission whose annual catalogues 
show what suggestions of the commission have been ratified. 

The 15 colleges in the commission for the year 1898 : 

Amherst, Boston univ., Bowdoin, Brown univ., Colby univ., 
Dartmouth, Harvard univ., Middlebury univ., Smith univ., Trin- 
ity, Tufts, Wellesley, Wesleyan univ., Williams, Yale univ. 

National association of state universities. Organized July 
1896, meeting July 1899, Los Angeles, Cal., Sec. Joseph Swain, 
Bloomington, Ind. 

The purpose of the association is to consider questions relating 
to the promotion of higher education in all its forms in the 
universities of the several states of the Union, and the discussion 
and prosecution of such questions and plans as may tend to make 
more efficient in their work the institutions included in the mem- 
bership of the association. 

At least one meeting is held in each calendar year. 

Membership may include all colleges or universities in the 
states or territories of the United States which are founded 
wholly or in part on those grants of land made by congress to 
the states on their admission into the Union, which grants are 



48 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

commonly known as seminary or university grants and any col- 
lege or university in any state which may be designated and 
recognized by the state as the state university. 

The following institutions were represented at its organiza- 
tion: Universities of California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, 
Indiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Mexico, North 
Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, 
Washington. 

New England association of colleges and preparatory schools. 

Organized 188G, next meeting October 1899, Boston, Mass., Sec. 
R. G. Huling, Cambridge, Mass. 

The object of the association is to advance the cause of liberal 
education by the promotion of interests common to colleges and 
preparatory schools. Membership is open to presidents, pro- 
fessors and other teachers in New England colleges on nomina- 
tion by committee and election at a regular meeting. The meet- 
ing is annual in the month of October. As early as Jan. 7, 1887 
action was taken by this association leading to uniform entrance 
requirements in English in the colleges of New England. 

North central association of colleges and secondary schools. 
Organized 1895, last meeting April 1899, Chicago, Sec. C. A. 
Waldo, LaFayette, Ind. 

The object of the association is to establish closer relations 
between the colleges and the secondary schools of the north cen- 
tral states. Membership consists of such colleges (universities) 
and secondary schools together with such individuals as may be 
nominated by the committee and elected by the association. 
There is an annual meeting, usually in April. 



INDEX 



The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 195 e 
means page 195, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one 
third of the way down. 



Abbreviations for dates, 5 2 . 

Academic, use of term, 5 3 . 

Alabama, University of, registra- 
tion, 25°. 

Arkansas, preliminary education 
for medical licenses, 9*. 

Arkansas industrial university, reg- 
istration, 26 1 . 

Association of colleges and prepara- 
tory schools of the middle states 
and Maryland, 43 4 -45 6 . 

Association of colleges and prepara- 
tory schools of the southern 
states, 45 7 -46 s . 

Associations, 43-48. 

Authorities consulted, 5 4 . 

Bar, admission to, see Law, practice 

of. 
Bequests, 22 3 . 

Bibliography, works consulted, 5 5 . 
Buildings, value of, 20 3 . 
Bulletins on professional education, 

4 1 . 

California, requirements for phar- 
macy licenses, 10 3 . 

California, University of, registra- 
tion, 26 4 . 

Clergymen, ratio to population, 8 s . 

College, use of term, 5 4 , 25 1 . 

College course, rule governing recog- 
nition, 24 8 -25 5 . 

College degrees, professional stu- 
dents with, 11 7 -12 9 . 

Colorado, preliminary requirements 
for admission to bar, 9°. 

Colorado, University of, registra- 
tion, 27 1 . 

Commission of colleges in New 
England on admission examina- 
tions, 46 8 -47 6 . 

Connecticut, preliminary require- 
ments for admission to bar, 9 8 . 

"Count", term, 35 2 . 

Courses of study, professional, 
length of, 13 1 -14 6 . 






Dates, abbreviations for, 5 2 . 

Degrees, granted by professional 
schools, 6 5 ; standards for, 8 3 ; 
preliminary general education for, 
10 3 -11 6 ; power to confer, 23 3 . See 
also College degrees. 

Delaware, preliminary education 
for medical licenses, 9 3 . 

Dental license, preliminary require- 
ments, 10 s . 

Dental schools, length of course, 
13=, 14 3 ; degrees granted by, 6 6 ; 
departments of colleges or uni- 
versities, 15 2 ; endowments, 19 4 ; 
entrance requirements, ll 4 ; en- 
trance requirements in New York, 
32 5 ; evening sessions, 14 5 ; fees, 
17°; growth, 6 4 ; libraries, 17 9 , 
IS 7 ; prizes, 16 6 ; property, re- 
ceipts and expenditures, 21 9 , 22 2 ; 
scholarships, 16 5 ; separate insti- 
tutions, 15'-'; value of grounds 
and buildings, 20 5 , 21 3 ; 

students; geographic distribu- 
tion, 7 2 ; increased number, 8 s ; 
women, 22 s , 23 3 . 

Dentists, ratio to population, S 8 . 

Endowments, 19 1 -20 2 . 

English, uniform entrance require- 
ments, 44 1 -45 8 . 

Entrance requirements, 10 7 -11 6 , 24- 
42. 

Examinations, regents, 34°-38 2 ; cal- 
endar of, se^S 1 ; sample papers, 
prices. 38 2 . 

Expenditures of prof essional schools, 
6 5 , 21 7 -22 2 . 

Fees, 17 3 . 
Fellowships, 15°-17 3 . 

G-eographic distribution of students, 

7 1 -8 2 . 
Gifts, 22 3 . 

Grounds, value of, 20 3 . 
Growth of professional schools, 6 1 . 



50 



UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



Harvard university, registration, 
29 D -30 5 . 

High schools, use of term, 5 3 ; ba- 
sis of registration, 33 9 -34 3 . 
Hospitals, gifts aucl bequests, 22\ 

Illinois, preliminary education for 

medical licenses, 9 3 ; preliminary 

requirements for admission to 

bar, 9 4 . 
Illiuois, University of, registration, 

27 4 . 
Indiana university, registration, 

27 s -28 2 . 
Iowa, preliminary education for 

medical licenses, 9 3 . 
Iowa, University of, registration, 

28 3 . 

Johns Hopkins university, registra- 
tion, 29 7 . 

Kansas, University of, registration, 

28 5 . 
Kentucky state college, registration, 

28 s . 

Law, practice of, preliminary re- 
quirements, 9 5 . 

Law schools, length of course, 13 4 , 
14 3 ; degrees granted by, G°; de- 
partments of colleges or univer- 
sities, 15-; endowments, 19 3 , 
19 s ; entrance requirements, ll 1 ; 
entrance requirements in New 
York state, 32°; evening sessions, 
14°; fees, 17*; fellowships, 15 9 - 
1G-; gifts and bequests, 22 4 ; 
growth, G 3 ; libraries, 17 s , 18 4 ;prizes, 
16 2 ; property, receipts and ex- 
penditures, 21 s , 22 2 ; scholarships, 
15 5 ; separate institutions, 15 2 ; 
value of grounds and buildings, 
20 4 , 20 s . 

students; geographic distribu- 
tion, 7 2 ; increased number, 8 T ; 
with college degrees, 11 8 -12 7 ; 
women, 22 s , 23 2 . 

Law student certificates, partial 
equivalents, 32 7 . 

Lawyers, ratio to population, 8 s . 

Libraries, 17 s -18 9 ; gifts and be- 
quests, 22*. 

Library science, students with col- 
lege degrees, 12 7 . 

Licenses, desirability of uniform 
standards, 8 3 ; preliminary educa- 
tion for, 9 1 -10 5 . 

Louisiana, preliminary education 
for medical licenses, 9 3 ; require- 
ments for pharmacy licenses, 10 3 . 



Maine, University of, registration, 
2<l a . 

Maryland, preliminary education 
for medical licenses, 9 3 . 

Massachusetts, laws restricting de- 
g it H'-conferring power, 23\ 

Medical license, preliminary general 
education for, 9 1 . 

Medical schools, length of course, 
13 4 , 14 3 ; degrees granted by, 6"; 
departments of colleges or uni- 
versities, 15 2 ; endowments, 19 2 , 
20 1 ; entrance requirements, 11 s ; 
entrance requirements in New 
York state, 32 5 -39 4 ; evening ses- 
sions, 14°; fees, 17 5 ; fellowships, 
1G 2 ; gifts and bequests, 22* ; 
growth, G 3 ; libraries, 17 s , 18 G ; 
prizes, 1G 4 ; property, receipts and 
expenditures, 21 s , 22'-; scholar- 
ships, 15 5 , 1G 2 ; separate institu- 
tions, 15 2 ; value of grounds and 
buildings, 20\ 21 1 ; 

students; with college degrees, 
11 S -12 T ; geographic distribution, 
7 2 ; matriculation, 32 s -33 2 ; increased 
number, 8 7 ; women, 22 8 , 23 3 . 

Medical student certificates, equiva- 
lents, 33 2 -34 G , 3S 3 -39 4 ; require- 
ments, 34 3 ; applications for, 34°, 
38 3 -39 4 ; examinations for, 34 7 -38 2 . 

Michigan, preliminary requirements 
for admission to bar, 9°; require- 
ments for pharmacy licenses, 10 3 . 

Michigan, University of, registra- 
tion, 30 5 . 

Minnesota, preliminary require- 
ments for admission to bar, 9°. 

Minnesota high school board, regis- 
tration, 30 7 . 

Missouri, University of, registra- 
tion, 81*. 

Montana state college, registration, 
31 4 . 



National association of state uni- 
versities, 47°-48 3 . 

Nebraska, laws restricting degree- 
conferring power, 23". 

Nebraska, University of, registra- 
tion. 31 7 . 

Nevada state university, registra- 
tion, 32 1 . 

New England, commission of col- 
leges in. on admission examina- 
tions, 4G S -47 C . 

New England association of col- 
leges and preparatory schools, 
48 3 . 

New Hampshire, preliminary edu- 
cation for medical licenses, 9 3 . 



INDEX TO GENERAL BULLETIN ON PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 



51 



New Jersey, preliminary education 
for medical licenses, 9 3 ; require- 
ments for dental licenses, 10 2 . 

New York, preliminary requirements 
for medical licenses, 9 1 ; for ad- 
mission to bar, 9 5 ; for dental li- 
censes, 10 2 ; for veterinary medi- 
cal licenses, 10 4 ; preliminary edu- 
cation for degrees, 10 5 ; laws re- 
stricting degree-conferring power, 
23*. 

North central association of colleges 
and secondary schools, 48 8 . 

North Dakota, , State university of, 
registration, 39 4 . 

Ohio, preliminary requirements for 
admission to bar, 9 6 ; laws re- 
stricting degree-conferring power, 
23 5 . 

Ohio state university, registration, 
39 S -4Q 3 . 

Oregon, University of, registration, 
40 s . 

Pennsylvania, preliminary educa- 
tion for medical licenses, 9 s ; 
requirements for dental licenses, 
10 2 ; requirements for veterinary 
medical licenses, 10 4 ; laws re- 
stricting degree-conferring power, 
23 4 . 

Pennsylvania, University of, regis- 
tration, 40 6 . 

Pharmacy, preliminary education 
for licenses, 10 3 ; 

schools of; length of course, 
13 6 , 14 3 ; degrees granted by, 6 6 ; 
departments of colleges or uni- 
versities, 15 3 ; endowments, 19 5 ; en- 
trance requirements, ll 5 ; evening 
sessions, 14 5 ; fees, 17 8 ; growth, 
6 4 ; libraries, 17 9 , 18 s ; prizes, 16 s ; 
property, receipts and expendi- 
tures, 21 9 , 22 2 ; scholarships and 
fellowships, 16 7 ; separate institu- 
tions, 15 3 ; value of grounds and 
buildings, 20 5 , 21 4 ; geographic dis- 
tribution of students, 7 2 ; increased 
number of students, 8 s ; women 
students, 22 s , 23 s . 

Physicians, ratio to population, 8 s . 

Preacademic, use of term, 5 3 . 

Preliminary requirements for li- 
censes, 9M.0 5 ; for degrees, 10 B -11 8 , 
24-42; list of registered schools, 
25 6 -42 9 . 

Princeton university, registration, 
32 3 . 

Prizes given by dental schools, 16"; 
by law schools, 16 2 ; by medical 
schools, 16 4 ; by schools of phar- 
macy, 16 s ; by veterinary schools, 
16°. 



Professional schools, use of term, 
5 4 ; geographic distribution, 7 1 -8 2 . 

Professional students, geographic 
distribution, 7 1 -8 2 ; increased num- 
ber, 8 7 ; with college degrees, ll 7 - 
12 9 . 

Property of professional schools, 
6 5 , 21 7 -22 2 . 

Public accounting, preliminary and 
professional requirements, 12 s . 

Receipts, of professional schools, 

6 5 , 21 7 -22 2 . 
Register of professional education, 

3 9 -4 3 . 
Registered institutions, list, 24-42. 

Scholarships, 15 4 -17 3 . 

Secondary school, use of term, 5 3 . 

South Dakota, requirements for 
pharmacy licenses, 10 3 . 

South Dakota, University of, regis- 
tration, 40 9 -41 3 . 

Standards for granting degrees and 
licenses, 8 2 . 

State college, Montana, registration, 
31 4 . 

State university of Nevada, regis- 
tration, 32 1 . 

State university of North Dakota, 
registration, 39 4 . 

Technical schools, use of term, 5 4 . 

Tennessee, University of, registra- 
tion, 41 3 . 

Texas, University of, registration, 
41 6 . 

Theological schools, length of course, 
13 2 , 14 2 ; degrees granted by, 6 6 ; 
departments of colleges or univer- 
sities, 15 2 ; endowments, 19 2 , 19 e ; 
entrance requirements, 10 7 ; fees, 
IT 3 ; gifts and bequests, 22 4 ; 
growth, 6 s ; libraries, 17 s , 18 2 ; 
property, receipts and expendi- 
tures, 21 s , 22 2 ; scholarships, 15 4 ; 
separate institutions, 15 2 ; value 
of grounds and buildings, 20 3 , 20 e ; 
students; with college degrees, 
1P-12 7 ; geographic distribution, 
7 2 ; increased number, 8 7 ; women, 
22 s , 23 2 . 

Tulane university, registration, 2S 9 - 
29 s . 

University of Alabama, registra- 
tion, 25°. 

University of California, registra- 
tion, 26 4 . 

University of Colorado, registration, 
27 1 . 

University of Illinois, registration, 
27 4 . 

University of Iowa, registration, 
28 3 . 



52 



UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



University of Kansas, registration, 
28 5 . 

University of Maine, registration, 
29 3 . 

University of Michigan, registra- 
tion, 30 5 . 

University of Missouri, registration, 
31 1 . 

University of Nebraska, registra- 
tion, 31 7 . 

University of Oregon, registration, 
40 3 . 

University of Pennsylvania, regis- 
tration, 40 6 . 

University of South Dakota, regis- 
tration, 40 9 -4l 8 . 

University of the State of New 
York, attainments determined by, 
10 6 ; registration, 32 5 -39 4 . 

University of Tennessee, registra- 
tion, 41 3 . 

University of Texas, registration, 
41°. 

University of Wisconsin, registra- 
tion, 42 3 . 

University of Wyoming, registra- 
tion, 42 7 . 

University supervision, 14 s . 

Vermont, preliminary education 
for medical licenses, 9 3 , laws re- 
stricting degree-conferring power, 
23*. 



Veterinary medical schools, length 
of course, 13 7 , 14 3 ; degrees granted 
by, 6°; departments of colleges 
or universities, 15 3 ; entrance re- 
quirements, 11°; entrance re- 
quirements in New York state, 
32'; evening sessions, 14°; fees, 
17 7 ; growth, 6 4 ; prizes, 16 s ; prop- 
erty, receipts and expenditures, 
21", 22 2 ; scholarships and fellow- 
ships, 16 9 -17 2 ; separate institu- 
tions, 15 3 ; 

students; geographic distribu- 
tion, T; increased number, 8 8 . 

Veterinary medicine, preliminary 
requirements for license, 10 4 . 

Virginia, preliminary education for 
medical licenses, 9 4 ; requirements 
for dental licenses, 10 3 . 



West Virginia university, registra- 
tion, 4P-42 3 . 

Wisconsin, University of, registra- 
tion, 42 3 . 

Women, as professional students, 
22 T -23 3 

Wyoming, University of, registra- 
tion, 42 T . 



Yale university, registration, 27 s 



LB N '07 






University of the State of New York 



College and High School Departments 

PUBLICATIONS 

Examination reports. University of the State of New York — Ex- 
amination dep't. Annual report 1894-97. O. Albany 1895- 
98. Price 75 cents a volume. 

Till 1894 these reports formed part of the general University reports, known as 
the "regents reports." These reports cover courses of study in secondary 
schools, examination of professional and business students, licensing examina- 
tions for physicians, dentists, veterinary surgeons and certified public 
accountants. See also B23. 

In 1898 the examination reports and bulletins were discontinued and replaced by 
those of the college and high school departments into which the examination 
department was reorganized. 

Examination bulletins. University of the State of New York — Ex- 
amination dep't. Bulletins. O. Albany 1895-98. Price to ad- 
vance subscribers 50 cents a year. 

B4 Regents examinations (Examinations no. 1) 82p. Nov. 1890. 
Price 10 cents. 

Historical sketch, laws, ordinances and rules pertaining to all examinations 
conducted by the regents; details as to all University credentials ; subjects, 
times and places of examinations 1891-95; notes on the reorganization of 
1890. 

B5 Academic syllabus (Examinations no. 2) 174P. Ap. 1891. 
Replaced by X8. 

BlO Medical syllabus (Examinations no. 3) 3op. Oct. 1892. Re- 
placed by X7. 

B13 Law syllabus (Examinations no. 4) i2op. Mar. 1893. Price 15^. 
Outline of ground covered by examinations for the regents degree of bachelor of 
laws. 

B23 Report of examination department 1893 (Examinations no. 5) 
82p. Feb. 1894. Price 10 cents. 

X6 Report of examination department 1894. i2ip. Mar. 1895. 
Price 15 cents. 

X7 Medical syllabus. i28p. Mar. 1895. Price 25 cents. 
An outline of the ground covered by state licensing examinations, prepared under 
direction of state boards of medical examiners for guidance of candidates. 

X8 Academic syllabus. 204P. June 1895. Price : pap. 2 5^ cloth $oc-. 

The University declines to recommend any special textbook, but for the guidauco 
of teachers and students it specifies the ground covered by each of the 77 sub- 
jects of academic examinations. This syllabus is the best available outline of 
what should bo accomplished in an academic course in these subjects. 

Syllabus of form-study and drawing. 3op. 32pl. Price 15 cents. 

Reprint of p. 410— 34d and plates from X8. 

Xo. Report of examination department 1895. io8p. Feb. 1896. 
Price 15 cents. 



1896. Price 50 cents 
25^, boards $oc. 



XlO Examination papers 1896. 502P. Oct. 
small size uniform with previous volumes pap. 
See aho Question papers. 

Xll Davis, W : M. (Harvard) State map of New York as an aid 

to the study of geography. 2 7p. Nov. 1896. Price $ cents. 
Based on the topographic map in preparation by the U. S. geological survey. 



University of the State of New York 



Xl2 Report of examination department 1896. 114P. Jan. 1897. 
Price 15 cents. 

X13 College-entrance English. 147P. June 1897. Price 15 cents. 
Present English entrance requirements of representative colleges and universities. 
Also discussions on aims and methods in teaching secondary school Euglish. 

X14 Examination papers 1897. 578p. Aug. 1897. Price, see Xio. 
See also Question papers. 

X15 Report of examination department 1897. i2op. Nov. 1897. 
Price 15 cents. 

Xl6 Examination papers 1898. 5Hp. Sep. 1898. Price, see Xio. 
See also Question papers. The second edition contains only the academic papers, 
the professional papers heing printed separately as college bulletin 3; see K3. 

High school bulletins. University of the State of New York — 
High school dep't. Bulletins. O. Albany 1898-date. Price to 
advance subscribers 50 cents a year. 

X17 Report of high school department (High school bulletin 1) 
Mar. 1899. i22p. Price 15 cents. 

X18 State science teachers association. Proceedings of the third 
annual meeting, Dec. 1898 (High school bulletin 2) In press. 

X19 Associated academic principals. Proceedings of the 14th annual 
conference, Dec. 1898 (High school bulletin 3) In press. 

X20 Academic examination papers 1899 (High school bulletin 4) 

3o6p. Oct. 1899. Price 25 cents. 
See also Question papers. 

College bulletins. University of the State of New York — College 
dep't. Bulletins. O. Albany 1898-date. Price to advance sub- 
scribers 50 cents a year. 

Kl Report of college department 1898. i26p. Jan. 1899. Price \$c. 

K2 Business syllabus. 46p. Ap. 1899. Price 5 cents. 

K3 Professional examination papers 1898. 197P. Oct. 1899. Price 25c. 
See also Question papers. 

K4 Professional examination papers 1899. 190P. Oct. 1899. Price z^c. 
See also Question papers. 

K5 Professional education in the U. S. — General. $4p. Oct. 1899. 
Price 10 cents. 



K6 

K7 

K8 

Ko 

Kio 

Ku 



8 4 p. 



Nov. 1899. 
In press. 



Price 10 cents. 



- Theology. 

- Law. 

- Medicine. " 

- Dentistry. " 

- Pharmacy. " 

- Veterinary medicine. " 

Question papers. University of the State of New York — Examination 
dep't. Examination papers; for the academic year 1892 (v. 1); 
1893 (v. 2) ; 1894 (v. 3) ; 1895 (v. 4). v. 1-4, D. Albany 1892-95. 
Price in boards, 50 cents a volume ; in paper, 25 cents. 
See also XIO, X14, X16, X20, K3 and K4. Each volume previous to second addi- 
tion of X16 contains all the regents question papers of that year in any of the 
academic, professional law, medical, dental, veterinary, library and extension 
examinations. 



